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introduction.tex
background.tex
literature.tex
serendipity-in-computational-context.tex
related-work.tex
recommendations.tex discussion.tex
conclusion.tex
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\section{Related \subsection{Related work} \label{sec:related}
Paul Andr{\'e} et al.~\cite{andre2009discovery} look at serendipity
from a design point of view. They propose a two-part model, in which
diff --git a/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex b/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex
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techniques of reflection.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Using SPECS to evaluate computational serendipity}\label{specs-overview}
In a 2012 special issue of the journal {\em Cognitive Computation}, on
``Computational Creativity, Intelligence and Autonomy'', Jordanous
analyses current evaluation procedures used in computational
creativity, and provides a much-needed set of customisable evaluation
guidelines, the \emph{Standardised Procedure for Evaluating Creative
Systems} (SPECS) \cite{jordanous:12}.
%
We follow a slightly modified version of her earlier evaluation
guidelines, in that rather than attempt a definition and evaluation of
{\em creativity}, we follow the three steps for \emph{serendipity}.
\subsubsection*{Step 1: A computational definition of serendipity}
\begin{quote} {\em Identify a definition of serendipity that your
system should satisfy to be considered serendipitous.}\end{quote}
Summarising the criteria discussed earlier, we propose the following
definition, expressed in two phases: discovery and invention. The
definition centres on the four components of serendipity, outlined
above, which can subsequently be made sense of and evaluated with
reference to the four dimensions of serendipity. These, in turn, are
understood to be embedded in an environment exhibiting many, but not
necessarily all, of the environmental factors listed above.
\begin{quote}
\begin{enumerate}[itemsep=2pt,labelwidth=9em,leftmargin=6em,rightmargin=2em]
\item[\emph{(\textbf{1 - Discovery})}] \emph{Within a system with a prepared mind, a previously uninteresting serendipity trigger arises due to circumstances that the system does not control, and is classified as interesting by the system; and,}
\item[\emph{(\textbf{2 - Invention})}] \emph{The system, by subsequently processing this trigger and background information together with relevant reasoning, networking, or experimental techniques, obtains a novel result that is evaluated favourably by the system or by external sources.}
\end{enumerate}
\end{quote}
This situation can be pictured schematically as follows. Here, $T$ is
the trigger and $p$ denotes those preparations that afford the
classification $T^\star$, indicating $T$ to be of interest, while
$p^{\prime}$ denotes the preparations that facilitate the creation of a
bridge to a result $R$, which is ultimately given a positive
evaluation.
\begin{center}
\begingroup
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\node [sum] (sum1) {};
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\hspace{1cm}
\begin{tikzpicture}[auto, node distance=2cm,>=latex']
\node [sum] (sum1) {};
\node [input, name=pinput, above left=.7cm and .7cm of sum1] (pinput) {};
\node [input, name=tinput, left of=sum1] (tinput) {};
\node [input, name=minput, below left of=sum1] (minput) {};
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\end{center}
\subsubsection*{ Step 2: Evaluation standards for computational serendipity}
\begin{quote} {\em Using Step 1, clearly state what standards you use to evaluate the serendipity of your
system. }\end{quote}
With our definition in mind, we propose the following standards for
computational serendipity:
\begin{quote}
\begin{description}
\item[\emph{Prepared mind}] \emph{The system can be said to have a
prepared mind, consisting of previous experiences, background
knowledge, a store of unsolved problems, skills, expectations, and
(optionally) a current focus or goal.}
\item[\emph{Serendipity trigger}] \emph{The serendipity trigger is at
least partially the result of factors outside the system's control.
These may include randomness or simple unexpected events. The
trigger should be determined independently from the end result.}
\item[\emph{Bridge}] \emph{The system uses reasoning techniques
associated with serendipitous discovery -- e.g. abduction, analogy,
conceptual blending -- and/or social or otherwise externally enacted
alternatives.}
\item[\emph{Result}] \emph{A novel result is obtained, which is
evaluated as useful, by the system and/or by an external source.}
\end{description}
\end{quote}
\subsubsection*{Step 3: Testing our serendipitous system}
\begin{quote} {\em Test your serendipitous system against the standards stated in Step 2 and report the
results.}\end{quote}
In order to develop connections with our theoretical framework, and
because existing experiments have not been particularly strong, we
focus on a thought experiment in the following section, detailing some
of the outcomes we would like to see, and some of the risks.
\subsection{Proposed experiment: A Writers Workshop for Systems} \label{sec:writers-workshop}
diff --git a/serendipity.tex b/serendipity.tex
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\tableofcontents
\input{introduction.tex}
\input{background.tex}
\input{literature}
% \input{foundational}
\input{serendipity-in-computational-context}
% \input{patterns-of-serendipity}
\input{related-work}
\input{recommendations} %
\input{discussion}
\input{conclusion}
\subsubsection*{Acknowledgements}