deletions | additions
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...
\subsection{Case Studies: Prior art}
\label{sec:priorart}
\paragraph{Evolutionary music improvisation systems.}
diff --git a/conclusion.tex b/conclusion.tex
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...
\emph{invention}.
%
Adapting the ``Standardised Procedure for Evaluating Creative
Systems'' (SPECS)
model model, we developed a set of evaluation standards for
serendipity.
%
We used this model to
examine several analyse prior examples of
serendipity, serendipity in the context of evolutionary music improvisation and recommender systems,
and developed a thought experiment
that exhibits for expressing ``high serendipity''
in a novel and computationally feasible design.
%
We then extracted several corollaries of our definition, which outline
a programme for serendipitous computing in the pursuit of
\emph{autonomy}, \emph{learning}, \emph{sociality}, and \emph{embedded
evaluation}.
In the current
work work, we have limited ourselves to clarifying conceptual
issues and examining design implications.
%
We indicate several possible further directions for implementation
diff --git a/recommendations.tex b/recommendations.tex
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challenges for research in computational serendipity.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Autonomy}: Our
case study on Serendipity in recommender systems in Section \ref{sec:priorart} highlights the need for more autonomy on the system side. The thought experiment in Section
\ref{sec:ww} develops a design illustrating the relationship between
creativity at the level of artefacts (e.g.~new poems) and creativity
at the level of \emph{problem specification} (learning new poetic
...
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Learning}: The Writers Workshop described in Section
\ref{sec:ww} is fundamentally
an example of a design
sketch for a system
that can \emph{learn from experience}. The Workshop model
``personifies'' the wider world in the form of one or several
critics. It is clearly also possible for a lone creative agent to
...
\citeA{stakeholder-groups-bookchapter} outlined a general programme
for computational creativity, and examined perceptions of creativity
in computational systems found among members of the general public,
Computational Creativity researchers, and creative
communities --
understood as human communities. (human )communities. We should now add a fourth
important ``stakeholder'' group in computational creativity
research: computer systems themselves. Creativity may look very
different to this fourth stakeholder group than it looks to us. We
...
value suggested in our discussion of the dimensions of serendipity in
Section \ref{sec:by-example}.
A
quick survey of word occurrences from a recent special issue of
\emph{Cognitive Computation} on ``Computational Creativity, Intelligence and Autonomy'' \cite{bishop-erden-special-issue} shows that related themes are broadly
active in the research community.\footnote{Articles converted to text
via {\tt pdftotext -layout}, individual counts found via {\tt tr
...
n\textquotesingle~< file.txt | grep -c "stem*"}, and total word counts
via {\tt wc -w}. The corresponding counts for the \emph{current}
paper are 7, \emph{28}, \emph{16}, \emph{47} and 12.0K.} Here
\emph{italics} indicates that the word stem accounted for
.1\% 0.1\% of the
article or more; added \textbf{\emph{bold}} indicates that it
accounted for 1\% or more.
diff --git a/serendipity.tex b/serendipity.tex
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%% the AISB 2014 symposium on Computing and Philosophy, and the
%% organisers of the 2013 and 2014 International Conference on
%% Computational Creativity.
This research was supported by the EPSRC through grants
EP/L00206X and
EP/J004049, EP/L00206X, EP/J004049 as well as EP/L015846/1 and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) programme
within the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European
Commission, under FET-Open Grant numbers: 611553 (COINVENT) and 611560
(WHIM).
diff --git a/ww-analysis.tex b/ww-analysis.tex
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\noindent \textbf{Bridge.}
Feedback on portions of the poem may lead the system to identify new
problems, indeed, problems and possibly new \emph{types} of problems that it hadn't
considered before. The most immediately feasible case is one in which
the critic is a programmer who can directly program new concepts into
the computer \cite{winograd1972understanding}. However, it would
...
able to generate interesting novel conjectures that surprised its author.
However, \citeA{pease2013discussion} note that this system was not
convincingly serendipitous: ``we had to willingly make the system less
effective to encourage incidents
which onto which we might project the
word serendipity.''
One cognitively inspired hypothesis that could describe the
...
sensory experiences \cite{milan2013kiki}. If the workshop
participants have the capacity to identify the distinctive features of
a given poem, then training via a machine learning or genetic
algorithm approach could be used
to assemble a battery of existing
low-level tools that can approximate the effect. Relatedly, a
compression process could seek to produce a given complex poetic
effect with a maximally-succinct
...
feedback modules, after reflecting on questions like: ``How might the
critic have detected that feature in my poem?''
{Thought \paragraph{Thought Experiment: Likelihood scores and potential value.}
Given most statements in natural language are new, we can assume that
most poems consumed by the system would never have been seen before,
and the chance of observing a given serendipity trigger would be very
...
lasting value. Our likelihood score would be
$\mathit{low}\times\mathit{low}\times\mathit{high}$, or low overall,
and value would be varied, with at least some high-valued cases
deserving the description ``highly
serendipitous.'' serendipitous.''\\
\paragraph{Thought Experiment: Environmental \textbf{Environmental factors.}
The system would set up its own internal dynamics, but it could also
provide an interface for human poets to share their poetry and their
critical remarks. There is one primary context, the Workshop, shared