deletions | additions       diff --git a/SPECS-continues.tex b/SPECS-continues.tex  index 7204979..d9ecdd1 100644  --- a/SPECS-continues.tex  +++ b/SPECS-continues.tex 
...
In order to develop connections with our theoretical framework, and  because existing experiments have not been particularly strong, we  focus on a thought experiment in the following section, Section \ref{sec:computational-serendipity}  detailing some of the outcomes we would like to see, and some of the risks. diff --git a/bibliography/biblio.bib b/bibliography/biblio.bib  index 45a9658..9cb4eaa 100644  --- a/bibliography/biblio.bib  +++ b/bibliography/biblio.bib 
...
@book{zadig,  title={Zadig, or the Book of Fate},  author={Voltaire},  year={1749 [1748]},  place={London},  publisher={John Brindley}  }  @article{chumaceiro1995serendipity,  title={Serendipity or pseudoserendipity? {U}nexpected versus desired results}, 
...
@book{bergson2010creative,  Annote = {original title: La {P}ens{\'e}e et le {M}ouvant},  Author = {Bergson, Henri},  Note = {(trans. {Trans.  Mabel L. Andison)}, Andison.},  Place = {Westport, Connecticut},  Publisher = {Greenwood Press},  Title = {{T}he {C}reative {M}ind}, 
...
@book{deleuze1991bergsonism,  Author = {Deleuze, Gilles},  Note = {(trans. {Trans.  Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam)}, Habberjam.},  Place = {New York},  Publisher = {Zone},  Title = {Bergsonism}, 
...
@book{deleuze1994difference,  Author = {Deleuze, Gilles},  Note = {(trans. {Trans.  Paul Patton)}, Patton.},  Place = {London},  Publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},  Title = {Difference and repetition},  diff --git a/introduction.tex b/introduction.tex  index 4ab490b..7494650 100644  --- a/introduction.tex  +++ b/introduction.tex 
...
out to be just the right ingredient for 3M's  Post-it\texttrademark\ notes.  %  Serendipity is related, firstly, to deviations from expected or  familiar patterns, and secondly, to new insight. %  When we consider the practical uses for weak glue, the possibility  that a life-saving antibiotic might be found growing on contaminated 
...
told, but that the act of programming forces us to confront the  emergence of the new \cite{mead1932philosophy}.  %  Minsky \citeyear{minsky1967programming} suggests that in practice,  programmers write programs ``for the individuals of little societies''  precisely because we cannot envision in advance all of the details of  program interactions.  %  Indeterminacy forms an important part of any proposal for  ``intelligent machines'', after Turing:  \begin{quote}  diff --git a/literature.tex b/literature.tex  index d77a01c..392c4ea 100644  --- a/literature.tex  +++ b/literature.tex 
...
\citeyear[p. 631]{van1994anatomy} describes it simply as ``the art of  making an unsought finding''.  Roberts \citeyear[pp. 246--249]{roberts} records 30 entries for the term ``serendipity'' from English language dictionaries dating from 1909 to 1989.   %  Classic definitions require the investigator not to be aware of the problem they serendipitously solve, but this criterion has largely dropped from dictionary definitions. Only 5 of Roberts' collected definitions explicitly say ``not sought for.'' Roberts characterises ``sought findings'' in which an accident leads to a discovery with the term \emph{pseudoserendipity} \cite{chumaceiro1995serendipity}. 
...
we will elaborate on the characteristics of serendipity with  particular reference to classic examples.  \textbf{[Here I think it would The story of ``Eight Paradises'' was  also adapted into an early  chapter of Voltaire's Zadig, and in turn ``the method of Zadig''  informed subsequent approaches both to fiction writing and natural  science. This method is, to  be worth mentioning that sure, rooted in discovery:  \begin{quote}  ``[H]\emph{e pry’d into  the idea Nature and Properties  of serendipity had an influence on Voltaire, especially Animals and  Plants, and soon, by his strict and repeated Enquiries, he was  capable of discerning a Thousand Variations  in visible Objects,  that others, less curious, imagin’d were all  alike.}''~\cite[pp. 21--22]{zadig}  \end{quote}  \noindent However  the work `Zadig', and essential thing is  that from these various  disparate observations, Zadig is able to assemble a coherent picture:  \begin{quote}  \emph{It was his peculiar Talent to render Truth as obvious as  possible: Whereas most Men study to render it intricate and  obscure.}~\cite[p. 54]{zadig}  \end{quote}  Similarly, but in reverse, a coherent picture may be reduced to  fragmented pieces each of which tell a different story from  the `method whole.  In enumerating the various features  of Zadig' was an influence on serendipity below, we will draw  connections with  the genre schematic diagram presented in Section  \ref{specs-overview}, in order to best present the multifaceted but  coherent notion  of detective fiction, and arguably even on detective  work.]} serendipity.  \subsection{Connections with our formal definition}  Each of the features described below, using an example drawn from the  literature on serendipity, with connections to one part of our diagram.  \subsubsection*{Key condition for serendipity}  \begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Focus shift}: ``\emph{After removing several of the burdock burrs (seeds) that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur, he became fur,}~[de Mestral]~\emph{became  curious as to how it worked. He examined them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of `hooks' that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion, if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops.}''~\cite{wiki:velcro} %  \inlineitem{  This corresponds to the identification of $T^\star$ in our diagram.}  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Components of serendipity} 
...
substance which is harmful to harmful bacteria but harmless to human  tissue?'' \cite[p. 161]{roberts}.  %%  %  \inlineitem{This corresponds to the prior  training $p$ and $p^{\prime}$ in our diagram.}  \item \textbf{Serendipity trigger}: The trigger does not directly  cause the outcome, but rather, inspires a new insight. It was long  known by Quechua medics that cinchona bark stops shivering. In 
...
joint appearance of shivering Europeans and a South American remedy  was the trigger. That an extract from cinchona bark can cure and  can even prevent malaria was subsequently revealed.  %  \inlineitem{This corresponds to the stimulus   $T$ in our diagram.}  %%  \item \textbf{Bridge}: These include reasoning techniques, such as  abductive inference (what might cause a clear patch in a petri 
...
his vision of a snake biting its tail). The bridge may also rely on  new social arrangements, such as the formation of cross-cultural  research networks.  %  \inlineitem{This corresponds to the actions based on $p^{\prime}$  taken on $T^\star$.}  %%  \item \textbf{Result}: This may be a new product, artefact, process,  hypothesis, a new use for a material substance, and so on. The 
...
nevertheless arising from an unknown, unlikely, coincidental or  unexpected source. More classically, it is an \emph{unsought}  finding, such as the discovery of the Rosetta stone.  %  \inlineitem{This corresponds to our $R$.}  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Dimensions of serendipity}  Whereas the foregoing items are the central features of the  definition, the following further characterise the circumstances under  which serendipity occurs in practice.  \begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Chance}: Fleming \citeyear{fleming} noted: ``There are  thousands of different moulds'' -- and ``that chance put the mould  in the right spot at the right time was like winning the Irish  sweep.''  %  \inlineitem{One must assume that relatively few triggers $T^\star$  that are identified as interesting actually lead to useful results;  in other words, the process is fallible.}  %%  \item \textbf{Curiosity}: Venkatesh Rao \citeyear{rao2011tempo} refers  to a \emph{cheap trick} that takes place early on in a narratives in  order to establish preliminary conditions of order. Curiosity with  can play this role, and can dispose a creative person to continue begin, or  to continue,  a search, looking search  in unexpected places. %  \inlineitem{The prior training $p$ causes interesting features to be  extracted, even if they are not necessarily useful; and $p^{\prime}$  asks how these features \emph{might} be useful. }  %%  \item \textbf{Sagacity}: This old-fashioned word is related to  ``wisdom,'' ``insight,'' and especially to ``taste'' -- and 
...
contribute to forming the bridge between the trigger and the result.  In many cases, such as an entanglement with cockle-burs, many others  will have already been in a similar position and not obtained an  interesting result. Once a phenomenon has been identified as  interesting, the disposition of the investigator may lead to a  dogged pursuit of a useful application or improvement.  %  \inlineitem{Rather than a simple look-up  rule, $p^{\prime}$ involves creating new knowledge.}  %%  \item \textbf{Value}: Note that the chance ``discovery'' of, say, a  \pounds 10 note may be seen as happy by the person who finds it, 
...
man's gain'' than in scenarios where ``One man's trash is another  man's treasure.'' If possible we prefer this sort of independent  judgement \cite{jordanous:12}.  %  \inlineitem{The  evaluation $|R|>0$ may be carried out ``locally'' (as an embedded  part of the process of invention of $R$) and ``globally''  (i.e.~as an external process).  }  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Environmental factors} 
...
\citeyear[p. 643]{van1994anatomy} estimates that in twenty percent  of innovations ``something was discovered before there was a demand  for it.''  %  \inlineitem{$T$ (and $T^\star$) appears within a stream of data with  indeterminacy. There is a further feedback loop, insofar as  products $R$ influence the future state.}  %%  \item \textbf{Multiple contexts}: One of the dynamical aspects at play  may be the discoverer going back and forth between different  contexts, with different stimuli. 3M employee Arthur Fry sang in a  church choir and needed a good way to mark pages in his hymn book.  He book;  he  happened to have been going to attending  seminars offered by his colleague Silver about restickable glue.  %  \inlineitem{This is reflected directly in our model by the difference  between the ``context of discovery'' involving prior preparations  $p$, and the ``context of invention'' involving prior preparations  $p^{\prime}$. Both of these may be subdivided further.}  %%  \item \textbf{Multiple tasks}: Even within what would typically be  seen as a single context, a discoverer may take on multiple tasks  that segment the context into sub-contexts, or that cause the  investigator to look in more than one direction. The tasks may have  an interesting overlap, \emph{overlap},  or they may point to a gap \emph{gap}  in knowledge. As an example of the latter,  Penzias and Wilson used a large antenna to detect radio waves that were relayed by bouncing off of satellites. After they had removed interference effects due to radar, radio, and heat, they found residual ambient noise that couldn't be eliminated \cite{wiki:cosmic-radiation}. %  \inlineitem{Both $T$ and $T^\star$ may be multiple, causing an  individual process to fork into communicating sub-processes that  involve different skills sets.}  %%  \item \textbf{Multiple influences}: The ``bridge'' from trigger to result is often found through a social network, thus, for instance Penzias and Wilson only understood the significance of their work after reading a preprint by Jim Peebles that hypothesised the possibility of measuring radiation released by the big bang \cite{wiki:cosmic-radiation}. %  \inlineitem{The process as a whole may be multiplied out among  different communicating investigators.}  \end{itemize}  % \newpage   diff --git a/recommendations.tex b/recommendations.tex  index e2cd2d2..3030857 100644  --- a/recommendations.tex  +++ b/recommendations.tex 
...
problem that cannot be solved into one that can. Progress may also  apply to growth in the ability to posit problems. As Deleuze writes:  ``True freedom lies in the power to decide, to constitute problems  themselves'' \cite[p. 15]{deleuze1991bergsonism}. Indeed, against any  education by means of ready-made problems, Dewey's perspective was  that 15]{deleuze1991bergsonism}, or, to make this  statement social:  \begin{quote}  ``\emph{the ``\emph{We learn nothing from those who say: `Do as I do'. Our only teachers  are those who tell us to `do with me', and are able to emit signs to  be developed in heterogeneity rather than propose gestures for us to  reproduce.}''~\cite[p. 26]{deleuze1994difference}  \end{quote}  Dewey's perspective  was closely related:  \begin{quote}  ``[T]\emph{he  child's mind can be trained only in so far as the objects with which they are occupied arise out of their interests and their own problems.}''~\cite{dewey-by-mead} \end{quote}  This was our emphasis in Section \ref{sec:unified-approach}: 
...
the system shall be allowed to stipulate his own purpose: he is  autonomous.}'' \cite[p. 286]{von2003essays}  \end{quote}  One possible criticism of this model is that it sets a high bar. As  Campbell \citeyear{campbell} says: ``Chance is fundamentally inimical  to rationality, whereas serendipity presupposes a smart mind.'' While  the pursuit of serendipitous findings may not enhance, and may even  diminish, results from a computationally creative system and the  evaluation of such a system's process, we believe that serendipity is  both possible and useful to model in future systems.  diff --git a/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex b/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex  index 08d2c67..a032faf 100644  --- a/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex  +++ b/serendipity-in-computational-context.tex 
...
\section{Serendipity in a computational context} \label{sec:computational-serendipity}  As Campbell \citeyear{campbell} says: ``Chance is fundamentally  inimical to rationality, whereas serendipity presupposes a smart  mind.'' While it might not enhance, or may even diminish, results  from a computationally creative system which has been constructed with  other goals in mind, we believe that serendipity is both possible and  useful to model in future systems. The 13 criteria from Section \ref{sec:characteristics} \ref{sec:literature-review}  specify the conditions and preconditions that are conducive to  serendipitous discovery. Here, we revisit each of these criteria and  briefly summarise how they can be thought about from a computational 
...
architecture, in which each agent has a goal and evaluates generated  products relative this goal, but in which agents also share their  products with other, who then evaluate them against their own  metrics.(We will discuss an extended example of this sort in  Section \ref{sec:writers-workshop}.)  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Components of serendipity} 
...
% \input{writers-workshop-background-long}  \subsection{Some completely realistic examples}  \textbf{[Here we should put examples of real historical systems that  were designed with serendipity in mind, or that can be interpreted  that way. We could also include some completely \emph{formal}  system (like ``Markov Chain Monte Carlo'') and show how it  \emph{might} operate in a serendipitous fashion, as well as what  limitations it runs into in the process.]}  \subsection{On evaluating a Writers Workshop for Systems}  \paragraph{Writers Workshop: Prepared mind.}  diff --git a/serendipity.tex b/serendipity.tex  index 32cf28a..90ba573 100644  --- a/serendipity.tex  +++ b/serendipity.tex 
...
\newcommand{\keywords}[1]{\par\addvspace\baselineskip  \noindent\keywordname\enspace\ignorespaces#1}  \newcommand{\inlineitem}[1]{%  \begingroup%  \setlength\itemindent{-1em}%  \item[]%  \begin{minipage}{.96\textwidth}%  #1%  \end{minipage}%  \endgroup  }  \begin{document}  % TITLE INFORMATION 
...
\bibliographystyle{apacite}  \bibliography{./bibliography/biblio}  \input{plan}  \end{document}