deletions | additions       diff --git a/bibliography/biblio.bib b/bibliography/biblio.bib  index 39eb732..9def0d4 100644  --- a/bibliography/biblio.bib  +++ b/bibliography/biblio.bib 
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%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8)   @book{russo2010companies,  title={Companies on a mission: Entrepreneurial strategies for growing sustainably, responsibly, and profitably},  author={Russo, Michael},  year={2010},  publisher={Stanford University Press}  }  @book{austin2003chase,  title={Chase, chance, and creativity: The lucky art of novelty},  author={Austin, James H},  diff --git a/by-example.tex b/by-example.tex  index 5a4e03b..f08c69f 100644  --- a/by-example.tex  +++ b/by-example.tex 
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\item \textbf{Prepared mind}:   Fleming's ``prepared mind'' included his focus  on carrying out experiments to investigate influenza as well as his  previous experience that showed that  foreign substances in petri dishes can kill bacteria. He was concerned above all with the question ``Is there a  substance which is harmful to harmful bacteria but harmless to human  tissue?'' \cite[p. 161]{roberts}. 
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was observed when malarial Europeans first arrived in Peru. The  joint appearance of shivering Europeans and a South American remedy  was the trigger. That an extract from cinchona bark can cure and  can even prevent malaria was subsequently revealed. understood subsequently.  \end{itemize}  \begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Bridge}: These include reasoning techniques, such as  abductive inference (what might cause a clear patch in a petri  dish?); analogical reasoning (de Mestral constructed a target domain  from the source domain of burs burrs  hooked onto fabric); and conceptual blending (Kekul\'e, discoverer of the benzene ring structure, blended his knowledge of molecule structure with  his vision of a snake biting its tail). The bridge may also rely on  new social arrangements, such as the formation of cross-cultural 
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hypothesis, a new use for a material substance, and so on. The  outcome may contribute evidence in support of a known hypothesis, or  a solution to a known problem. Alternatively, the result may itself  be a  {\em new} be} a new  hypothesis or problem. The result may be ``pseudoserendipitous'' in the sense that it was {\em sought}, while  nevertheless arising from an unknown, unlikely, coincidental or  unexpected source. More classically, it is an \emph{unsought} 
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\begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Curiosity}: Curiosity can dispose a creative person to  begin, begin  or to continue, continue  a search into unfamiliar territory. We use this word to describe both simple curiousity and related deeper  drives. Charles Goodyear \citeyear{goodyear1855gum} reflects on his  experience as follows: own life experience:  ``from the time his attention was first given to the subject, a strong and abiding impression was made upon his  mind, that an object so desirable and important, and so necessary to  man's comfort, as the making of gum-elastic available to his use, 
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symptomatic acts.''  \end{itemize}  %% Note that the chance ``discovery'' of, say, a \pounds 10 note may  %% be seen as happy by the person who finds it, whereas the loss of  %% the same note would generally be regarded as unhappy.  \begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Value}:Note that the chance ``discovery'' of, say, a  \pounds 10 note may be seen as happy by the person who finds it,  whereas the loss of the same note would generally be regarded as  unhappy.  Positive judgements of serendipity by a third party would be less likely in scenarios in which ``One man's loss is another man's gain'' than in scenarios where ``One man's trash is another man's treasure.'' One example that takes this literally  is the Swiss company Freitag, which  has started by design students who  built a business around ``upcycling'' used truck tarps tarpaulins  into bags and backpacks. If possible Thanks in part to clever marketing \cite[pp. 54--55,  68--69,]{russo2010companies}, their product has sold well.  Wherever possible,  we prefer an independent judgement of value \cite{jordanous:12}. \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Environmental factors.} 
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particular, \emph{value} may come later. Van Andel  \citeyear[p. 643]{van1994anatomy} estimates that in twenty percent  of innovations ``something was discovered before there was a demand  for it.'' To illustrate the role of this factor, it may be most  revealing to consider a \emph{counterexample}, in which dynamics are  not attended to carefully and the process suffers as a result.  Cropley \citeyear{cropley2006praise} describes Eugen Semmer's  failure to recognise the role of \emph{penicillium notatum} in  restoring two unwell horses to health: ``Semmer saw the horses'  return to good health as a problem that made it impossible for him  to investigate the cause of their death, and reported [$\ldots$] on  how he had succeeded in eliminating the mould from his laboratory!''  \end{itemize}  \begin{itemize}  diff --git a/etymology.tex b/etymology.tex  index 662eeb7..daa8c22 100644  --- a/etymology.tex  +++ b/etymology.tex 
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as their Highness travelled, they were always making discoveries, by accidents  \& sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of}[.]''~\cite[p. 633]{van1994anatomy}  \end{quote}  The term became more widely known in the 1940s through studies of serendipity as a factor in scientific discovery, surveyed by Robert Merton and Elinor Barber \citeyear{merton} in ``The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity, A Study in Historical Semantics and the Sociology of Sciences''. Merton \citeyear{merton1948bearing} \cite \cite  in>[pp. 195--196]{merton} describes a generalised ``serendipity pattern'' and its constituent parts: \begin{quote}  ``\emph{The serendipity pattern refers to the fairly common experience of observing an \emph{unanticipated}, \emph{anomalous} \emph{and strategic} datum which becomes the occasion for developing a new theory or for extending an existing theory.}''~\cite[p. 506]{merton1948bearing} (original emphasis) 506 {[}emphasis original{]}]{merton1948bearing}  %% The datum [that exerts a pressure for initiating theory] is, first of all, unanticipated. A research directed toward the test of one hypothesis yields a fortuitous by-product, an unexpected observation which bears upon theories not in question when the research was begun.  %% Secondly, the observation is anomalous, surprising, either because it seems inconsistent with prevailing theory or with other established facts. In either case, the seeming inconsistency provokes curiosity; it stimulates the investigator to "make sense of the datum," to fit it into a broader frame of knowledge....  %% And thirdly, in noting that the unexpected fact must be "strategic," i. e., that it must permit of implications which bear upon generalized theory, we are, of course, referring rather to what the observer brings to the datum than to the datum itself. For it obviously requires a theoretically sensitized observer to detect the universal in the particular.  
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Roberts \citeyear[pp. 246--249]{roberts} records 30 entries for the term ``serendipity'' from English language dictionaries dating from 1909 to 1989.   %  Classic definitions require the investigator not to be aware of the problem they serendipitously solve, but this criterion has largely dropped from dictionary definitions. Only 5 of Roberts' collected definitions explicitly say ``not sought for.'' Roberts characterises ``sought findings'' in which an accident leads to a discovery with the term \emph{pseudoserendipity} \cite{chumaceiro1995serendipity}. \cite{chumaceiro1995serendipity}.  %  While Walpole initially described serendipity as an event  (i.e., a kind of discovery), it has 
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1952, defined it solely as an event, while five define it as both  event and attribute.  There are However,  numerous historical  examplesthat  exhibit features of serendipity which and  develop on a social scale rather than an individual scale. For instance, between Spencer Silver's creation of high-tack,  low-adhesion glue in 1968, the invention of a sticky bookmark in 1973,  and the eventual launch of the distinctive canary yellow re-stickable 
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those prepared minds. These may be described as serendipitous  sociocognitive microenvironments'' \cite[p. 259--260]{merton}.}  Large-scale scientific and technical projects generally rely on the  convergence of interests of key actors, or actors and  other cultural factors. For example, Umberto Eco \citeyear{eco2013serendipities} focuses on the  historical role of serendipitous mistakes and falsehoods in the  production of knowledge. 
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\cite{jordanous12jims}. In the definition of serendipity that we present in Section \ref{sec:our-model}, we make use  of Henri Bergson's distinction:  \begin{quote}  %% \emph{``La d\'ecouverte porte sur ce qui existe d\'ej\`a, actuellement  %% ou virtuelle­ment ; elle \'etait donc s\^ure de venir t\^ot ou  %% tard. L'invention donne l'\^etre \`a ce qui n'\'etait pas, elle  %% aurait pu ne venir jamais.''}  ``\emph{Discovery, or uncovering, has to do with what already exists,  actually or virtually; it was therefore certain to happen sooner  or later. Invention gives being to what did not exist; it might  never have happened.}''~\cite{bergson2010creative} happened.}''~\cite[p. 58]{bergson2010creative}  \end{quote}  As we have indicated, serendipity would seem to require features of  both discovery and invention: that is, the discovery of something 
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questions ``whether it is a matter of luck at all'' because of the  work and knowledge involved in the process of assessment.  %  The perspective developed here strengthens would sharpen  these criteria understandings  in two ways: firstly, we point out that work isalso  involved in the process of  uncovering, both discovery and  invention even when chance plays a role,  and secondly, we defer true  ``novelty'' to the invention phase. %%  In other words, serendipity involves creative making. Furthermore, we %%  emphasise the importance of active, agential discernment over more %%  passive stumbling.