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\subsection{The PSA pattern}  In defining the PSA pattern according to the peaks of the PSA-like phase distribution, it was necessary to account for seasonal variations in the location of those peaks (Figure \ref{fig:phase_distribution}). A spread of 15$^{\circ}$ was considered sufficient to capture these variations and hence the 15$^{\circ}$ interval about the two each  local maxima containing the highest local mean  values (taken from the 1979-2014 annual Guassian kernel density estimate) was determined. This approach was taken used  to account of the fact that the phase histograms were not symmetrical about the local maxima and yielded two intervals corresponding to the positive (4.5-19.5$^{\circ}$E) and negative (37.5-52.5$^{\circ}$E) phase polarity  of the PSA pattern. pattern respectively. With this definition in place, it was possible to investigate variability and trends in the PSA pattern as well as its influence on surface temperature, precipitation and sea ice and its relationship with the SAM and ENSO.  \subsubsection{Trends and variability}  During autumn and winter in particular, the middle years of the study period (\~1991-2002) were characterized by a predominance of positive PSA events, while negative events have been more common in recent years (Figure \ref{fig:phase_distribution}). This variability is reflected in the linear trends observed over that time, 1979-2014,  with negative phase events showing a statistically significant increasing trend (at the $p < 0.05$ level) on an annual basis and smaller non-significant increasing trends in for  summer, autumn and winter (Figure \ref{fig:psa-neg_seasonality}). Positive phase events showed a non-significant decreasing trend on an annual basis and also during autumn and winter, and with  an increasing trend during observed for  summer (Figure \ref{fig:psa-pos_seasonality}). Consistent with previous studies, both polarities of the PSA pattern showed a preference for were most active during  winter and spring (Figure \ref{fig:psa-pos_seasonality} and \ref{fig:psa-neg_seasonality}). \subsubsection{Influence on surface variables}   In order to assess the influence of the PSA pattern on regional climate variability, the composite mean surface air temperature anomaly, precipitation anomaly and sea ice concentration anomaly was calculated for both the positive and negative phase polarity  (Figure \ref{fig:surface_composites}). On the western flank of the central composite-mean streamfunction anomaly associated with positive phase events, anomalously warm conditions were evident over the Ross Sea, Amundsen Sea and interior of West Antactica, particularly during autumn and winter. The northerly flow responsible for those warm conditions also induced large precipitation increases along the West Antarctic coastline and reduced sea ice in the Amundsen Sea. On the eastern flank, anomalously cool conditions were evident over the Antarctic Peninsula, Patagonia and the Weddell Sea during all seasons (winter and spring especially), with the latter also experiencing large increases in sea ice. Anomalously dry conditions were also seen over the Antarcitc Peninsula in association with the weaker westerly flow. The pronounced anomalies associated with the negative polarity of the PSA pattern were essentially the reverse of the  positive phase (Figure \ref{fig:surface_composites}). It is also noteworthy that while the hemispheric composite-mean  streamfunction anomaly over the Indian Ocean in associated with  the PSA patterncomposites  gives the impression of a hemispheric zonal wavenumber three pattern,however  the phase of that pattern and the unremarkablenegative  anomalies either side of the  Indian Ocean anomaly are inconsistent with the characteristics of the dominant SH zonal wavenumber three mode \citep[e.g.][]{Raphael2004,IrvingSimmonds2015}. \subsubsection{SAM and ENSO}