Damien Irving edited introduction.tex  over 8 years ago

Commit id: 4aedfed145d1a287489ec951468b22b508ae52a7

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It has been shown that the PSA pattern plays a role in blocking events \citep{Sinclair1997,Renwick1999}, South American rainfall variability \citep{Mo2001} and is also closely related to prominent regional features such as the Amundsen Sea Low \citep{Turner2013}, Antarctic Dipole \citep{Yuan2001}, Antarctic Circumpolar Wave \citep{Christoph1998} and Southern Annular Mode \citep[SAM; e.g.][]{Ding2012}. While these are all important mid-to-high latitude impacts and relationships, in recent years the PSA pattern has been mentioned most frequently in the literature in relation to the rapid warming observed over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula \citep{Nicolas2014}. In particular, it has been suggested that seasonal trends in tropical Pacific SSTs may be responsible, via circulation trends resembling the PSA pattern, for winter (and to a lesser extent spring) surface warming in West Antarctica \citep{Ding2011} and autumn surface warming across the Antarctic Peninsula \citep{Ding2013}. The pattern has also been associated with declines in sea ice in the Amunden and Bellingshausen Seas \citep{Schneider2012} and glacier retreat in the Amundsen Sea Embayment \citep{Steig2012}.  In identifying the PSA pattern as a possible contributor to these trends, the aforementioned studies looked through the lens of the variable/s of interest. For instance, \citet{Ding2011} performed a maximum covariance analysis to look at examine  the relationship between central Pacific SSTs and the broader SH circulation (the 200hPa geopotential height). The second mode of that analysis revealed a circulation resembling the PSA pattern (and that brings warm air over West Antarctica), and atmospheric model runs forced with the associated central Pacific SSTs produced a PSA-like wave train. While this is certainly a valid research methodology, the result would be more robust if a climatology of PSA pattern activity also displayed trends consistent with warming in West Antarctica. This concept of teleconnection reversibility was recently invoked to question the relationship between Indian Ocean SSTs and heat waves in south-western Australia \citep{Boschat2016}. A climatology that addresses issues such as recent trends is currently lacking in the literature, so this study will present an update on our somewhat dated climatological understanding of the PSA pattern \citep{Mo1998,Mo2001}. Not only will it utilize a longer, higher quality reanalysis dataset than previous studies, it will also develop and apply a methodology that fully exploits the capabilities of Fourier analysis, as opposed to relying on a traditional EOF-based approach. This alternative methodology was adapted from a recent climatology of SH zonal wave activity \citep{IrvingSimmonds2015} and seeks to avoid the issues associated with the stationary nature of spatial EOF modes, which can be problematic when trying to capture phase variations in a wave pattern of interest. These issues are further compounded in the case of the PSA pattern, due to the degenerate \citep{North1982} nature of the PSA-2 mode \citep[e.g. Figure 1;][]{Mo2000}. This updated climatology will provide new insights into the variability, propagation and downstream impacts of the PSA pattern, including its the role in recent high latitude trends.