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Lorenzo Perozzi added Ultrasonic measurements .tex
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\section{Ultrasonic measurements}
Laboratory measurements on core samples under CO$_2$ flooding can be used to calibrate
seismic data. Most experiments so far, imply injection of CO$_2$ in a porous
media pre-saturated with another fluid and the acoustic variations observed are usually a combination of pore pressure and fluid
substitution effect \citep{Wang1989,Xue2005,Lei2009,Purcell2010,Shi2011,Ivanova2012}.
It is difficult to apply the results of this studies to the seismic interpretation
since observed changes solely due to CO$_2$ cannot be quantitatively determined
as the CO$_2$ partial saturation is generally unknown. \citet{Yam2011b} and
\citet{Njiekak2013} investigate the seismic effects associated with the different phase states of
CO$_2$ by measuring the ultrasonic response of Berea sandstone and samples from
Weyburn-Midale geologic project, fully saturated with CO$_2$ at different temperatures
and pressures. In both works, particular attention has been given to the
separation of the seismic effect due to changes in the pore fluid, from those
induced by the pore pressure build-up. \citet{Lebedev2013} tested the effects of supercritical CO$_2$ injection into sandstones from the Otway Basin on acoustic responses.\\
For this study, laboratory measurements were carried out at the Experimental Geophysics Group laboratory (Institute for Geophysical Research, Departement of Physics, University of Alberta) on two representative core samples of the Potsdam Group.
