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\subsection{Effect of \textit{B. dubia} development on \textit{F. tularensis} virulence}  Because insect immune responses are known to vary by age and developmental stage \cite{25730277}(other refs), we sought to determine if there were any differences in susceptibility to infection \textit{F. tularensis} LVS  inlate instar  juvenilecockroaches in comparison with adult male  and adultfemale  cockroaches.We also attempted to evaluate susceptibility in early instar cockroaches (size < 1 cm total length), but these groups had large numbers of animals that died due to injection trauma and were, therefore, excluded from subsequent analysis.  Injections in adults were performed using the same method described for the juveniles. Cockroaches cannot be separated by gender as juveniles, but anatomical differences (\textbf{Figure 1C}) make gender determination possible in adults. We, therefore, analyzed survival in adult female and adult male cockroaches separately.  We found that although the overall percentages of surviving cockroaches differed between adult female (50 percent survival) and juvenile (30 percent survival) cockroaches, both groups were equally susceptible to \textit{F. tularensis} LVS infections (juvenile mean time-to-death ??? 4.7  days; adult female mean time-to-death ??? 4.8  days; no statistical difference between groups). By comparison, adult male cockroaches were more sensitive to killing by \textit{F. tularensis} LVS, with rapid death rates (mean time-to-death ??? 3.8  days) and no male cockroaches alive past 100\% mortality by  day 6 post-infection (p=0.0169 compared with juveniles; p<0.001 compared with adult females; Figure 4 \textbf{Figure 4}  and Table 1). \textbf{Table 1}).