deletions | additions       diff --git a/While_experimental_models_of_infectious__.tex b/While_experimental_models_of_infectious__.tex  index d83c0c4..74096d8 100644  --- a/While_experimental_models_of_infectious__.tex  +++ b/While_experimental_models_of_infectious__.tex 
...
While experimental models of infectious disease have historically been formed around mammalian host species, non-vertebrate hosts continue to gain attention as an alternative approach for studying pathogenic microorganisms \cite{25699030, 24392358, 23517918, 22127881}. \cite{25699030,24392358,23517918,22127881}.  In particular, studies using the fruit fly \textit{Drosophila melanogaster} and larvae of the Greater Wax Moth \textit{Galleria mellonella} have significantly advanced our understanding of \textit{F. tularensis} pathogenesis \cite{24398387,20865166,20479082,26155740,25172272,17400503}. \textit{D. melanogaster} offers powerful host genetics but the small body size of this insect makes delivering an exact dose of bacteria difficult without specialized equipment and training. Moreover, \textit{D. melanogaster} is temperature-restricted and cannot survive at typical mammalian body temperatures, making this host of limited use for analysis of pathogens with temperature-sensitive virulence patterns such as \textit{F. tularensis} (ref and fig). In contrast, \textit{G. mellonella} survives well at 37$^{\circ}$ Celsius and is large enough for confident dosing with a small-gauge syringe. \textit{G. mellonella} larvae are also readily available in large quantities from a number of commercial suppliers. However, there are significant drawbacks to the use of \textit{G. mellonella} as well. Pupation, the process by which the larvae metamorphesize into adults, typically occurs within a short period of incubation at 37$^{\circ}$ Celsius, thereby limiting the experimental window available to researchers. Since immune functions vary widely before, during, and after pupation (ref), it is difficult to interpret results from animals that pupate during the experiment. These can be prospectively censored by investigators, but that practice does not appear to be widespread (personal observation). In addition, lot-to-lot variability in the general health status of \textit{G. mellonella} larvae can be problematic. This latter drawback is sometimes addressed by administering antibiotic or antifungal compounds to the insects during the course of the study (ref), but the impact this practice on host immune function or on the gene expression patterns of pathogenic microorganisms under evaluation remains unknown.