Nathan edited To_overcome_these_drawbacks_to__.tex  over 8 years ago

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To overcome these drawbacks to the use of insects as alternative models for pathogenesis, we began to explore non-conventional host species \cite{22892068}. Our initial criteria were that an ideal insect host (a) is large enough to easily handle and inoculate with known doses of bacteria or fungi using standard gauge syringes, (b) will survive at 37$^{\circ}$C for long periods of time, and (c) is simple and inexpensive to rear in the laboratory. We previously determined that the Madagascar hissing (MH) cockroach (\textit{Gromphadorhina laevigata}) met these initial criteria and is a suitable surrogate host for the facultatively intracellular pathogens \textit{Burkholderia mallei}, \textit{B. pseudomallei}, and \textit{B. thailandensis} \cite{22892068}. Here, we have extended the use of tropical cockroach species as experimental hosts for bacterial pathogenesis studies. The Orange Spotted (OS) cockroach (\textit{Blaptica dubia} Serville, 1839) meets the above criteria for an ideal insect host but is more readily available from commercial suppliers and is more docile compared to the MH cockroach. Of interest to researchers who desire to rear their own animals, and thus control their health status prior to infection, the OS cockroach does not climb vertical glass or plastic surfaces and will usually remain in an immobile defensive position when placed on its back. In this study, we found the OS cockroach to be a permissive host for \textit{F. tularensis} LVS. Lethality depended upon the dose of bacteria given, the temperature of incubation, and, interestingly, the developmental stage and gender of the host animal. Intracellular and extracellular bacterial titers increased throughout the course of infection and several mutant strains lacking factors known to be involved in \textit{Francisella}  pathogenesis were attenuated. These results demonstrate that tropical roaches in general, and the OS cockroach in particular, are a good alternative to mammals and other insect species for the study of \textit{F. tularensis} and possibly other pathogenic bacteria.