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\section{Introduction}  Several decades of scientic work on understanding the earth's  climate systems system  has led to increasing certainty that changes in the climate systems system  are influenced by human activity. As the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC notes, there is 95 percent 95\%  confidence that the increase in global surface temperature is caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations \cite{stocker2013climate}. As a result, more extreme weather occurrences such as heavy precipitation and extreme droughts have been predicted for many regions for  the future. upcoming decades.  Coping with these changing changes in  weather patterns requires mitigation measures to reduce future GHG emissions along with adaptation measures, particlarly in those regions that will be severely affected by future weather extremes. However, large differences within the regions have to be acknowledged and dealt with. In most of the developed Annex I countries countries,  a well-functioning governance  systemof institutions and organisations  is in place to invest in providing the financial sources and institutional stability for  large-scale investments in  adaptation and mitigation measures within their national territories. In many developing countries, however, governance and institutions are poorly developed, resulting in a lack of financial investments to cope with a changing climate. climate change.  Under these circumstances affordable measures are required to be taken by citizens themselves on a local scale to avoid adverse effects on their the  individual lives. lives of people.  An important example to study field for investigating  climate change adaptation measures are smallholder farming practices in Africa. on the African continent.  In many parts of West and Southern Africa, smallholder farmers cultivate >70\% of the arable and permanent cropland and are responsible for a very high propertion proportion  of food andcash  crop production \cite{Morton_2007}. Given these circumstances, decreases in precipitation and the  worsening of droughts that have been predicted for large parts of Africa this highlights highlight  the importance for sufficient effective  adaptation measures. This Without these measures, severe effects on food production are to be expected. For instance, it  can shorten the crop growing period in an area, lead to a reduction in yield and can thus greatly endanger the livelihood of local farmers, and the lives of people in areas that already suffer from food scarcity and who are to a great extent dependent on local food supply \cite{Waha_2013}. In this paper adaptation measures will be examined that can be applied by smallholder farmers in order to protect their increase  crops resilience  against climate change. Thereby In doing so  we aim at responding taking reference  to the following research question: Whatkind of  adaptation measures can smallholder farmers in Africa implement to cope with climate change? We procceed as follows. First, we perform based on  a literature review on we synthesise  the predicted (modelled)  impacts for African regions due to climate change. Second, an overview of possible adaptation measures will be given to finally result in given. Finally  an implementation advice, advice is given on implementation,  taking into account regional differences within the African continent.