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However, large differences within the regions have to be acknowledged and dealt with. In most of the developed Annex I countries a well-functioning system of institutions and organisations is in place to invest in large-scale adaptation and mitigation measures within their national territories. In many developing countries, however, governance and institutions are poorly developed, resulting in a lack of financial investments to cope with a changing climate. Under these circumstances affordable measures are required to be taken by citizens themselves on a local scale to avoid adverse effects on their individual lives.   A good An important  example to study climate change adaptation measures are small-scale smallholder  farming practices in Africa. For large In many  parts of Africa West and Southern Africa, smallholder farmers cultivate >70\% o fthe arable and permanent cropland and are responsible for  a decrease very high propertion of food and cash crop production \cite{Morton_2007}. Given these circumstances, decreases  in precipitation and an increase in worsening of  droughts has that have  been predicted (source?). for large parts of Africa this highlights the importance for sufficient adaptation measures.  This can shorten the crop growing period in an area, lead to a reduction in yield and can thus greatly endanger the livelihood of local farmers, and the lives of people in areas that already suffer from food scarcity and who are to a great extent dependent on local food supply \cite{Waha_2013}. In this paper adaptation measures will be examined that can be applied by smallholder farmers in order to protect their crops against climate change. Thereby we aim at responding to the following research question: What kind of adaptation measures can smallholder farmers in Africa implement to cope with climate change?