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\section{Introduction}  Several decades of scientic work on a better understanding of the earth's climate system have led to increasing certainty that changes in the climate system are influenced by human activity. As the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC notes, there is 95\% confidence that the increase in global surface temperature is caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations \cite{stocker2013climate}. As a result, more extreme weather occurrences have been predicted for many regions for the upcoming decades. Successfully coping with changes in weather patterns requires mitigation measures for future GHG emissions reducions along with adaptation measures, the latter adopted  particlarly in those regions that will be severely affected by future weather extremes. In most of the developed Annex I countries, a well-functioning governance system is providing the provides  financial sources resources  and institutional stability for potentially large-scale investments in adaptation and mitigation measures within their the  national territories. In many developing countries, however, governance and institutions are poorly developed, resulting in a lack of financial investments to cope with climate change. Under Given  these circumstances circumstances,  affordable adaptation  measures are required to be taken by citizens themselves on a local level to avoid adverse effects on the individual lives of people. their livelihoods.  An important field for investigating the effectiveness of adaptation measures against climate change aresmallholder farming practices on the  African continent. smallholder, or subsistence farmers.  In many parts of Africa smallholder farmers cultivate more than 70\% of the arable and permanent cropland and are responsible for a very high proportion of local  food and crop production \cite{Morton_2007}. Furthermore, However,  their lack of economic resources restricts them  access to alternative livelihoods \cite{Slingo_2005}. Given these circumstances, a worsening of climate variability, primarily  decreases in precipitation and the worsening increases  of droughts droughts,  that have been predicted for large parts of Africa highlight the importance for effective cost-effective  adaptation measures.Furthermore, an increase in world population increases the stess on the land and therefore proper measures are needed \textbf{Bron nog invoegen}.  Without these measures, severe effects on food production are to be expected, such expected %such  as the shortening of growing seasons that lead to harvest reductions and can thus that  greatly endanger the livelihood of local farmers and the people that to a great extent dependent on local food supply \cite{Waha_2013}. If not adopted successfully, African food systems are unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition to a population that is growing by 4\% annually, and thus even increasing the stess on arable land \cite{POP_2012}.  In this paper adaptation measures will be examined that can be applied by smallholder farmers in order to increase the resilience of the food system against climate change. In doing so this paper aims at responding to the following research question: What is the adoption potential for smallholder farming adaptation measures in Africa and what effects will they have on the resilence against climate change?