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\subsection{Population-based surveys}  The best way to measure the prevalence of TB is through national population-based surveys of TB disease\cite{18713496}\cite{WHO2011}. Data from such surveys are available for an increasing number of countries and were used for 21 countries (Figure \ref{fig:ps}), representing 69\% of global prevalence in 2014. It should be noted, however, that measurements of prevalence are typically confined to the adult population. Furthermore, prevalence surveys exclude extrapulmonary cases and do not allow the diagnosis of cases of culture-negative pulmonary TB.   TB prevalence all forms and all ages ($P$) is measured as: bacteriologically-confirmed pulmonary TB prevalence ($P_{pulm}$) among those aged $\geq 15$ measured from national survey ($P_{adult}$), adjusted for pulmonary TB in children ($P_{child}$) and extra-pulmonary TB all ages ($P_{ep}$): ($P_{ep}$)  \begin{align*}  P_{pulm} = c P_{child} + (1 − c) P_{adult}