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\section{Introduction}  Estimates of the burden of disease caused by TB (measured in terms of incidence, prevalence and mortality) are produced annually by WHO using information gathered through surveillance systems (case notifications and death registrations), special studies (including surveys of the prevalence of disease, mortality surveys, surveys of under-reporting of detected TB and in-depth analysis of surveillance data, expert opinion and consultations with countries. The methods to estimate TB burden were reviewed in detail at a meeting of the WHO Task Force on TB Impact measurement in March 2015.\cite{WHO:2015:Online} 2015 (Chapter 2).  \section{Definitions}  \textbf{Incidence} is defined as the number of new and recurrent (relapse) episodes of TB (all forms) occurring in a given year. Recurrent episodes are defined as a new episode of TB in people who have had TB in the past and for whom there was bacteriological confirmation of cure and/or documentation that treatment was completed (Chapter 4). In the remainder of this online technical appendix, relapse cases are referred to as recurrent cases because the term is more useful when explaining the estimation of TB incidence. Recurrent cases may be true relapses or a new episode of TB caused by reinfection. In current case definitions, both relapse cases and patients who require a change in treatment are called ‘retreatment cases’. However, people with a continuing episode of TB that requires a treatment change are prevalent cases, not incident cases.