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##Comparison to the microbial communities of homes on Earth and from the Human Microbiome Project
To put the microbial communities that we found on ISS surfaces in the context of homes on Earth, we compared them to the communities found by citizen scientists when they swabbed nine surfaces throughout 40 homes, as part of the "Wildlife of Our Homes" project. We found that the ISS homes and Earth homes were significantly different from each other, both based on the Bray-Curtis (adonis, R^2=0.0666, P=0.001) and the phylogenetic Unifrac
distance (adonis, R^2=0.04189,
P=0.001). P=0.001) distance measures. These differences can be visualized in the ordination plots in Figure NMDSnoHMP A and B.
It is perhaps not surprising that
Because the insular environment of the ISS
surfaces were significantly different from those found on surfaces in would not resemble Earth homes. Unlike the ISS, homes on
Earth, and Earth are exposed to a variety of sources of microbes, including the
outside air, tracked-in soil, plants, pets, and human inhabitants. The dominant source of microbes on the ISS is presumably the human
microbiome, microbiome. All spacecraft and cargo undergo rigorous decontamination procedures before launch to rendevous with the ISS. Therfore, we hypothesized that the microbial communities of the ISS surfaces might be more similar to human-associated microbial communities than Earth home surfaces. To test this hypothesis, we obtained 16S rDNA sequence data for 100 random samples from each of 13 body sites from the HMP Data Portal (http://hmpdacc.org/HM16STR/)\cite{Huttenhower_2012}\cite{Gevers_2012}. The microbial communities associated with the ISS, Earth homes, and the HMP samples were significantly different from each other (R^2 = 0.08, P < 0.001).
(Also see Figure NMDSgrid A-D) However, the ISS communities are significantly more similar to the Earth home samples than the HMP samples (Student's t-test, p< 0.00001). This combined analysis also indicates that the starboard crew vent sample, which appears quite distinct from the rest of the ISS samples in Figure NMDS_IS_only A, is more similar to the human gastrointestinal HMP samples, which is corroborated by the dominance of animal gut-related OTUs found in that sample (see Figure ISS_only_sp78_abundant, and Table habitat.)
Finally, because the ISS is designed only to house 6 crew members, for a stay of 6 months each, only 220 individuals have visited the ISS since the year 2000. We asked whether there was a decrease in microbial diversity, relative to either via the