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##Overall taxonomic diversity of ISS surfaces and comparison to previous high-throughput 16SrRNA study
After filtering chimeric and eukaryotic sequences from the data, the number of sequences per surface sampled ranged from 26,221 - 76,656. Open-reference clustering at 97% similarity resulted in 12,554 OTUs (OTU is a proxy for microbial "species".) This exceeds the number of species observed by Venkateswaran _et al._ 2014, which is not surprising, given the increased sampling depth in this study (~1 million versus ~ 50,000 high-quality sequences.) Our study also
observed 3 had three notable, qualitative differences from Venkateswaran at
al al. 2014. First, in their study, more than 90% of all sequences were assigned to 4 bacterial genera (_Corynebacterium_, _Propionibacterium_, _Staphylococcus_, and _Streptococcus_), while in
our study, the study here, they comprised only 24% of the data (9.6%, 0.05%, 10.7%, and 3.6%, respectively). Second,
they Venkateswaran at al. found no evidence of
Archaea archaea in their samples, even when interrogating with
Archaeal-specific archaeal-specific primers, but we did find evidence for a very low-abundance archaeal presence (2335 sequences, from 3 archaeal phyla). Finally, despite the fact that
they Venkateswaran at al. were able to culture many spore-forming organisms from their samples, they observed no sequence data from
putative spore-forming organisms. However,
we found a large percentage of sequences
in our study are from spore-forming
organisms (20.9% organisms: 20.9% Bacilli and 9.6%
Clostridia) in our data. Clostridia. These differences are potentially due to differences in PCR primers and/or DNA extraction method, both of which have known taxonomic biases \cite{Brooks_2015}.
The 19 most abundant Orders found in our study, representing 93.8% of the data (Figure PieChart), are predominately comprised of human-associated organisms (Table habitat). This is not surprising, as the only source of microbial influx is via occasional crew and cargo deliveries aboard spacecraft that have been stringently cleaned to avoid microbial contamination.