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As with UNIX, we will list some basic terms with which you should make yourself familiar before attempting to make sense of your tree.  ***Branch*** All of the organisms in a A phylogenetic  tree are at the tips of branches (that's why they are sometimes referred to as leaves.) All is a diagram representing a model  of the branches show the way in which organisms evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic trees have three main components: taxa, branches, and nodes. These  are connected (related) to each other. defined below:  ***Node*** These ***Taxon***. An individual or grouping of individuals. This could be individual sequences, species, families, phyla, etc. For phylogenetic analyses taxa  are drawn at  the points where tips of  branches connect. and thus are sometimes referred to as "leaves" on the tree.  ***Clade*** ***Branch***  A clade is representation of the evolution of  a group taxon over time (sometimes also known as an evolutionary lineage). There are three main types  of organism that share branches in  a common ancestor. Every node tree. Terminal branches are those that lead to the tips or leaves  in the tree. Internal branches connect branches to each other. And the root branch, also known as the root of the tree, is the branch that leads from the base of the  tree defines a unique clade. to the first node in the tree.  ***Bootstrap support*** This ***Node*** These are the points where individual branches end. In the internal parts of a pahylogenetic tree, single branches can "split" producing multiple descendant branches. The point are which the branches split  is known as an internal node. If  a number, usually expressed on branch ends at  a scale of 0-100, but occasionally on taxon, the end point is known as  a scale of 0-1, that provides an estimate "terminal node".   A key part  of interpreting phylogenetic trees lies in understanding  the confidence that a particular node defines groupings of taxa in  a "true" clade, i.e., tree. Some terms relating to  this specific are below:  ***Clade*** A clade is a  group of organisms actually shares organism that share  a common ancestor. ancestor to the . Every node in the tree defines a unique clade.  ***Monophyletic clade*** If every representative of a species is found in one single clade, and no representatives of that species are found outside of that clade, then that is a monophyletic clade. The concept of monophyly is important because all species should represent monophyletic groupings. If all species are not found in a monophyletic group, then taxonomic revision of that species is in order. Unfortunately for bacterial species, taxonomic revision is frequently in order.  ***Rooting/Outgroup Selection*** The root is at the base of the tree, and is determined by the designation of an outgroup. The outgroup is an organism that you are confident is most distantly related to everything else in your tree. Outgroup selection is not a trivial task, but to simplify it here, we suggest always using an Archaeal 16S rDNA sequence as your outgroup. ***Bootstrap support*** This is a number, usually expressed on a scale of 0-100, but occasionally on a scale of 0-1, that provides an estimate of the confidence that a particular node defines a "true" clade, i.e., this specific group of organisms actually shares a common ancestor.