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##Direct PCR (if not extracting DNA)  Centrifuge 1 ml of the overnight culture until the cells form a pellet at the bottom of the tube (about 5 minutes at 10,000 g), pour off the liquid on top (the supernatant) and resuspend the pellet in 100 μl of sterile DNAase-free water. Incubate the samples at 100°C for 10 minutes to help lyse the cells. Use the resulting solution as the template in the PCRreaction  below. ##PCRreaction  This reaction uses the 27F (AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG) and 1391R (GACGGGCGGTGTGTRCA) primers which amplify a near full-length bacterial (and many archaeal) 16S rRNA gene. Our lab uses standard PCR reagents (Qiagen or Kappa), with an annealing temperature of 54 °C and an extension at 72 °C of 90 seconds. Do not forget to include positive (any sample containing bacterial genomic DNA that you have successfully amplified before) and negative (_e.g_., replace DNA with water) controls. The full program we use is:  1: 95 °C for 2:00