Angela M. Zivkovic edited Results Individual Meal Analyses.md  over 9 years ago

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There was no effect of dietary pattern on the overall community composition within individual meals (PERMANOVA with compare_categories.py, P=0.591). There was no significant clustering based on any potentially distinguishing feature tested, including whether the meals contained fermented foods, dairy, whether they ware raw or cooked, or the calculated nutritional content (see Table 3 for complete meal metadata.) However, different meals clustered together independent of dietary pattern. For example, meals that were relatively abundant in Prevotellaceae included the USDA dinner, VEG dinner, AA dinner, USDA breakfast, VEG snack 2, and VEG snack 3, whereas the AA snack, AA lunch, USDA snack 2 and USDA snack 1 were not abundant in this family but instead were abundant in Streptococcaceae (Fig. 10). It is difficult to know what specific features of these meals made them similar in this regard. Possible contributing factors may be provenance of ingredients and/or individual meal components such as presence of a certain fruit or vegetable.   A large amount of variation (53%) was explained by PCo1 (i.e., the eigenvector that explains the most variation)(Figure 2), and our attempts to determine the factors driving this variation led us to look at specific taxonomic groups that may be important. We did this in two ways. First, we sorted the stacked bar charts by the values that each meal had for PCo1 (Figure 3). This made it apparent that the cluster of 4 meals on the right side of the PCo1 axis axis, which included USDA snack 1, AA snack, AA lunch, and USDA lunch,  was comprised of samples that were dominated by Lactic Acid Bacteria. These are members of the order Lactobacillales, which are commonly found in association with both food products, especially in fermented milk products \cite{Terzic_Vidojevic_2014} and human mucosal surfaces \cite{Rizzello_2011}. The Vegan Snack #1 was unique in that it was dominated (70.4%) by Xanthamonadaceae, a family containing many plant pathogens. The cluster of 7 samples on the left side of PCo1 axis was a group of meals including VEG dinner, VEG breakfast, AA breakfast, AA dinner, USDA dinner, VEG snack 3, and USDA breakfast,  with a large percentage (average = 27%) of Thermus, a clade containing many heat-resistant organisms. Second, we looked for correlations between the relative abundance of a single taxon and the PCo1 value for each meal using a simple regression. The bacterial family most tightly correlated with PCo1 was Streptococcaceae (r = 0.852). **(Figure 4 - make this figure with abundance of streptococcaceae across all samples) ** We also asked whether the relative abundance of a particular taxonomic group was significantly correlated to the nutritional content of the meals via pairwise Pearson's correlations. For this, we only looked at organisms that were present in all 15 meals. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, there were no specific hypotheses tested with these correlations. Some taxa frequently abundant in human microbiome studies were found to be significantly correlated with particular nutrients (Table 6). For example, members of the genus Blautia are frequently observed in human fecal samples, and in our study, this genus was found to be more abundant in meals with a lower sugar content (Figure 5). The implications of these findings are unclear, but they do suggest that there could be an interesting relationship between the nutritional content of the foods that we eat, the microbes that associate with those foods, and thus also our gut microbiome, not just because we are "feeding" our gut microbes, but because we are eating them as well.