deletions | additions
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 9fa648d..f529136 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
...
pdflatex $(NATUREFILE).tex
open $(NATUREFILE).pdf
naturebib:
pdflatex $(NATUREFILE).tex
bibtex $(NATUREFILE)
pdflatex $(NATUREFILE).tex
pdflatex $(NATUREFILE).tex
open $(NATUREFILE).pdf
ARXIVFILE=spock_arxiv
arxiv:
diff --git a/journalnames_nature.sty b/journalnames_nature.sty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f81a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/journalnames_nature.sty
...
%
% These Macros are taken from the AAS TeX macro package version 4.0.
% Include this file in your LaTeX source only if you are not using
% the AAS TeX macro package and need to resolve the macro definitions
% in the BibTeX entries returned by the ADS abstract service.
%
% If you plan not to use this file to resolve the journal macros
% rather than the whole AAS TeX macro package, you should save the
% file as ``aas_macros.sty'' and then include it in your paper by
% using a construct such as:
% \documentstyle[11pt,aas_macros]{article}
%
% For more information on the AASTeX macro package, please see the URL
% http://www.aas.org/publications/aastex.html
% For more information about ADS abstract server, please see the URL
% http://adswww.harvard.edu/ads_abstracts.html
%
% Abbreviations for journals. The object here is to provide authors
% with convenient shorthands for the most "popular" (often-cited)
% journals; the author can use these markup tags without being concerned
% about the exact form of the journal abbreviation, or its formatting.
% It is up to the keeper of the macros to make sure the macros expand
% to the proper text. If macro package writers agree to all use the
% same TeX command name, authors only have to remember one thing, and
% the style file will take care of editorial preferences. This also
% applies when a single journal decides to revamp its abbreviating
% scheme, as happened with the ApJ (Abt 1991).
\let\jnl@style=\it
\def\ref@jnl#1{{\jnl@style#1}}
\def\aa{\ref@jnl{Astron.~\& Astrophys.}}
\def\aap{\ref@jnl{Astron.~\& Astrophys.}}
\def\aasup{\ref@jnl{Astron.~\& Astrophys.~Suppl.~Ser.}}
\def\aj {\ref@jnl{Astron.~J.}}
\def\aph {\ref@jnl{Acta Phys.}}
\def\advp {\ref@jnl{Adv.~Phys.}}
\def\ajp {\ref@jnl{Amer.~J.~Phys.}}
\def\ajm {\ref@jnl{Amer.~J.~Math.}}
\def\amsci {\ref@jnl{Amer.~Sci.}}
\def\anofd {\ref@jnl{Ann.~Fluid Dyn.}}
\def\am {\ref@jnl{Ann.~Math.}}
\def\ap {\ref@jnl{Ann.~Phys.~(NY)}}
\def\adp {\ref@jnl{Ann.~Phys.~(Leipzig)}}
\def\ao {\ref@jnl{Appl.~Opt.}}
\def\apl {\ref@jnl{Appl.~Phys.~Lett.}}
\def\app {\ref@jnl{Astroparticle Phys.}}
\def\apj {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~J.}}
\def\apjl {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~J.}}
\def\apjl {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~J.~Lett.}}
\def\apjs {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~J.~Suppl.}}
\def\apjsup {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~J.~Suppl.}}
\def\apss {\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~Space Sci.}}
\def\araa {\ref@jnl{Ann.~Rev.~Astron.~Astrophys.}}
\def\baas {\ref@jnl{Bull.~Amer.~Astron.~Soc.}}
\def\baps {\ref@jnl{Bull.~Amer.~Phys.~Soc.}}
\def\cmp {\ref@jnl{Comm.~Math.~Phys.}}
\def\cpam {\ref@jnl{Commun.~Pure Appl.~Math.}}
\def\cppcf {\ref@jnl{Comm.~Plasma Phys.~\& Controlled Fusion}}
\def\cpc {\ref@jnl{Comp.~Phys.~Comm.}}
\def\cqg {\ref@jnl{Class.~Quant.~Grav.}}
\def\cra {\ref@jnl{C.~R.~Acad.~Sci.~A}}
\def\fed {\ref@jnl{Fusion Eng.~\& Design}}
\def\ft {\ref@jnl{Fusion Tech.}}
\def\grg {\ref@jnl{Gen.~Relativ.~Gravit.}}
\def\ieeens {\ref@jnl{IEEE Trans.~Nucl.~Sci.}}
\def\ieeeps {\ref@jnl{IEEE Trans.~Plasma Sci.}}
\def\ijimw {\ref@jnl{Interntl.~J.~Infrared \& Millimeter Waves}}
\def\ip {\ref@jnl{Infrared Phys.}}
\def\irp {\ref@jnl{Infrared Phys.}}
\def\jap {\ref@jnl{J.~Appl.~Phys.}}
\def\jasa {\ref@jnl{J.~Acoust.~Soc.~America}}
\def\jcp {\ref@jnl{J.~Comp.~Phys.}}
\def\jetp {\ref@jnl{Sov.~Phys.--JETP}}
\def\jfe {\ref@jnl{J.~Fusion Energy}}
\def\jfm {\ref@jnl{J.~Fluid Mech.}}
\def\jmp {\ref@jnl{J.~Math.~Phys.}}
\def\jne {\ref@jnl{J.~Nucl.~Energy}}
\def\jnec {\ref@jnl{J.~Nucl.~Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl.~Res.}}
\def\jnm {\ref@jnl{J.~Nucl.~Mat.}}
\def\jpc {\ref@jnl{J.~Phys.~Chem.}}
\def\jpp {\ref@jnl{J.~Plasma Phys.}}
\def\jpsj {\ref@jnl{J.~Phys.~Soc.~Japan}}
\def\jsi {\ref@jnl{J.~Sci.~Instrum.}}
\def\jvst {\ref@jnl{J.~Vac.~Sci.~\& Tech.}}
\def\nat {\ref@jnl{Nature}}
\def\nature {\ref@jnl{Nature}}
\def\nedf {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Eng.~\& Design/Fusion}}
\def\nf {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Fusion}}
\def\nim {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Inst.~\& Meth.}}
\def\nimpr {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Inst.~\& Meth.~in Phys.~Res.}}
\def\np {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Phys.}}
\def\npb {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Phys.~B}}
\def\nt/f {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Tech./Fusion}}
\def\npbpc {\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Phys.~B (Proc.~Suppl.)}}
\def\inc {\ref@jnl{Nuovo Cimento}}
\def\nc {\ref@jnl{Nuovo Cimento}}
\def\pf {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Fluids}}
\def\pfa {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Fluids A: Fluid Dyn.}}
\def\pfb {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Fluids B: Plasma Phys.}}
\def\pl {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Lett.}}
\def\pla {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Lett.~A}}
\def\plb {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Lett.~B}}
\def\prep {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rep.}}
\def\pnas {\ref@jnl{Proc.~Nat.~Acad.~Sci.~USA}}
\def\pp {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Plasmas}}
\def\ppcf {\ref@jnl{Plasma Phys.~\& Controlled Fusion}}
\def\phitrsl {\ref@jnl{Philos.~Trans.~Roy.~Soc.~London}}
\def\prl {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~Lett.}}
\def\pr {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.}}
\def\physrev {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.}}
\def\pra {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~A}}
\def\prb {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~B}}
\def\prc {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~C}}
\def\prd {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~D}}
\def\pre {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~E}}
\def\ps {\ref@jnl{Phys.~Scripta}}
\def\procrsl {\ref@jnl{Proc.~Roy.~Soc.~London}}
\def\rmp {\ref@jnl{Rev.~Mod.~Phys.}}
\def\rsi {\ref@jnl{Rev.~Sci.~Inst.}}
\def\science {\ref@jnl{Science}}
\def\sciam {\ref@jnl{Sci.~Am.}}
\def\sam {\ref@jnl{Stud.~Appl.~Math.}}
\def\sjpp {\ref@jnl{Sov.~J.~Plasma Phys.}}
\def\spd {\ref@jnl{Sov.~Phys.--Doklady}}
\def\sptp {\ref@jnl{Sov.~Phys.--Tech.~Phys.}}
\def\spu {\ref@jnl{Sov.~Phys.--Uspeki}}
\def\st {\ref@jnl{Sky and Telesc.}}
\def\procspie{\ref@jnl{Proc.~SPIE}} % Proceedings of the SPIE
\def\pasa{\ref@jnl{Publ.~Astron.~Soc.~Aust.}} % Publications of the ASA
\def\pasp{\ref@jnl{Publ.~Astron.~Soc.~Pac.}} % Publications of the ASP
\def\pasj{\ref@jnl{Publ.~Astron.~Soc.~Jpn.}} % Publications of the ASJ
\def\mnras{\ref@jnl{Mon.~Not.~R.~Astron.~Soc.}} % Monthly Notices of the RAS
%\def\aj{\ref@jnl{AJ}} % Astronomical Journal
%\def\araa{\ref@jnl{ARA\&A}} % Annual Review of Astron and Astrophys
%\def\apj{\ref@jnl{ApJ}} % Astrophysical Journal
%\def\apjl{\ref@jnl{ApJ}} % Astrophysical Journal, Letters
%\def\apjs{\ref@jnl{ApJS}} % Astrophysical Journal, Supplement
%\def\ao{\ref@jnl{Appl.~Opt.}} % Applied Optics
%\def\apss{\ref@jnl{Ap\&SS}} % Astrophysics and Space Science
%\def\aap{\ref@jnl{A\&A}} % Astronomy and Astrophysics
%\def\aapr{\ref@jnl{A\&A~Rev.}} % Astronomy and Astrophysics Reviews
%\def\aaps{\ref@jnl{A\&AS}} % Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supplement
%\def\azh{\ref@jnl{AZh}} % Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
%\def\baas{\ref@jnl{BAAS}} % Bulletin of the AAS
%\def\jrasc{\ref@jnl{JRASC}} % Journal of the RAS of Canada
%\def\memras{\ref@jnl{MmRAS}} % Memoirs of the RAS
%\def\mnras{\ref@jnl{MNRAS}} % Monthly Notices of the RAS
%\def\pra{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~A}} % Physical Review A: General Physics
%\def\prb{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~B}} % Physical Review B: Solid State
%\def\prc{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~C}} % Physical Review C
%\def\prd{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~D}} % Physical Review D
%\def\pre{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~E}} % Physical Review E
%\def\prl{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rev.~Lett.}} % Physical Review Letters
%\def\pasa{\ref@jnl{PASA}} % Publications of the ASA
%\def\pasp{\ref@jnl{PASP}} % Publications of the ASP
%\def\pasj{\ref@jnl{PASJ}} % Publications of the ASJ
%\def\qjras{\ref@jnl{QJRAS}} % Quarterly Journal of the RAS
%\def\skytel{\ref@jnl{S\&T}} % Sky and Telescope
%\def\solphys{\ref@jnl{Sol.~Phys.}} % Solar Physics
%\def\sovast{\ref@jnl{Soviet~Ast.}} % Soviet Astronomy
%\def\ssr{\ref@jnl{Space~Sci.~Rev.}} % Space Science Reviews
%\def\zap{\ref@jnl{ZAp}} % Zeitschrift fuer Astrophysik
%\def\nat{\ref@jnl{Nature}} % Nature
%\def\iaucirc{\ref@jnl{IAU~Circ.}} % IAU Cirulars
%\def\aplett{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~Lett.}} % Astrophysics Letters
%\def\apspr{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.~Space~Phys.~Res.}}
% % Astrophysics Space Physics Research
%\def\bain{\ref@jnl{Bull.~Astron.~Inst.~Netherlands}}
% % Bulletin Astronomical Institute of the Netherlands
%\def\fcp{\ref@jnl{Fund.~Cosmic~Phys.}} % Fundamental Cosmic Physics
%\def\gca{\ref@jnl{Geochim.~Cosmochim.~Acta}} % Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta
%\def\grl{\ref@jnl{Geophys.~Res.~Lett.}} % Geophysics Research Letters
%\def\jcp{\ref@jnl{J.~Chem.~Phys.}} % Journal of Chemical Physics
%\def\jgr{\ref@jnl{J.~Geophys.~Res.}} % Journal of Geophysics Research
%\def\jqsrt{\ref@jnl{J.~Quant.~Spec.~Radiat.~Transf.}}
% % Journal of Quantitiative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer
%\def\memsai{\ref@jnl{Mem.~Soc.~Astron.~Italiana}}
% % Mem. Societa Astronomica Italiana
%\def\nar{\ref@jnl{NewAR}} % New Astronomy Reviews
%\def\nphysa{\ref@jnl{Nucl.~Phys.~A}} % Nuclear Physics A
%\def\physrep{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Rep.}} % Physics Reports
%\def\physscr{\ref@jnl{Phys.~Scr}} % Physica Scripta
%\def\planss{\ref@jnl{Planet.~Space~Sci.}} % Planetary Space Science
%\def\procspie{\ref@jnl{Proc.~SPIE}} % Proceedings of the SPIE
\let\astap=\aap
\let\apjlett=\apjl
\let\apjsupp=\apjs
\let\applopt=\ao
diff --git a/naturemag.bst b/naturemag.bst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5aef82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/naturemag.bst
...
%%
%% This is file `naturemag.bst',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% merlin.mbs (with options: `head,seq-no,nm-rev,ed-rev,jnrlst,nmlm,x5,m1,yr-par,xmth,vol-bf,vnum-x,volp-com,num-xser,jnm-x,bkpg-x,pub-date,edparxc,ppx,ed,abr,xedn,jabr,amper,and-xcom,etal-it,eprint,url,url-blk,bibinfo,nfss,{}')
%% physjour.mbs (with options: `seq-no,nm-rev,ed-rev,jnrlst,nmlm,x5,m1,yr-par,xmth,vol-bf,vnum-x,volp-com,num-xser,jnm-x,bkpg-x,pub-date,edparxc,ppx,ed,abr,xedn,jabr,amper,and-xcom,etal-it,eprint,url,url-blk,bibinfo,nfss,{}')
%% geojour.mbs (with options: `seq-no,nm-rev,ed-rev,jnrlst,nmlm,x5,m1,yr-par,xmth,vol-bf,vnum-x,volp-com,num-xser,jnm-x,bkpg-x,pub-date,edparxc,ppx,ed,abr,xedn,jabr,amper,and-xcom,etal-it,eprint,url,url-blk,bibinfo,nfss,{}')
%% photjour.mbs (with options: `seq-no,nm-rev,ed-rev,jnrlst,nmlm,x5,m1,yr-par,xmth,vol-bf,vnum-x,volp-com,num-xser,jnm-x,bkpg-x,pub-date,edparxc,ppx,ed,abr,xedn,jabr,amper,and-xcom,etal-it,eprint,url,url-blk,bibinfo,nfss,{}')
%% merlin.mbs (with options: `tail,seq-no,nm-rev,ed-rev,jnrlst,nmlm,x5,m1,yr-par,xmth,vol-bf,vnum-x,volp-com,num-xser,jnm-x,bkpg-x,pub-date,edparxc,ppx,ed,abr,xedn,jabr,amper,and-xcom,etal-it,eprint,url,url-blk,bibinfo,nfss,{}')
%% ----------------------------------------
%% *** Style for the journal Nature (created by Peter Czoschke) ***
%%
%% Copyright 1994-2002 Patrick W Daly
% ===============================================================
% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
% This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or
% more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above.
%
% This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN
% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either
% version 1 of the License, or any later version.
% ===============================================================
% Name and version information of the main mbs file:
% \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2002/10/21 4.05 (PWD, AO, DPC)]
% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH
% This is a numerical citation style, and as such is standard LaTeX.
% It requires no extra package to interface to the main text.
% The form of the \bibitem entries is
% \bibitem{key}...
% Usage of \cite is as follows:
% \cite{key} ==>> [#]
% \cite[chap. 2]{key} ==>> [#, chap. 2]
% where # is a number determined by the ordering in the reference list.
% The order in the reference list is that by which the works were originally
% cited in the text, or that in the database.
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
ENTRY
{ address
archive
author
booktitle
chapter
edition
editor
eprint
howpublished
institution
journal
key
month
note
number
organization
pages
publisher
school
series
title
type
url
volume
year
}
{}
{ label }
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
#1 'mid.sentence :=
#2 'after.sentence :=
#3 'after.block :=
}
STRINGS { s t}
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
output.state mid.sentence =
{ ", " * write$ }
{ output.state after.block =
{ add.period$ write$
newline$
"\newblock " write$
}
{ output.state before.all =
'write$
{ add.period$ " " * write$ }
if$
}
if$
mid.sentence 'output.state :=
}
if$
s
}
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
'pop$
'output.nonnull
if$
}
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
'output.nonnull
if$
}
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
write$
newline$
}
FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
'skip$
{ after.block 'output.state := }
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
'skip$
{ output.state before.all =
'skip$
{ after.sentence 'output.state := }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {add.blank}
{ " " * before.all 'output.state :=
}
FUNCTION {date.block}
{
new.block
}
FUNCTION {not}
{ { #0 }
{ #1 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{ 'skip$
{ pop$ #0 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{ { pop$ #1 }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
'skip$
'new.block
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
'skip$
'new.block
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
'skip$
'new.sentence
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
'skip$
'new.sentence
if$
}
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
FUNCTION {bolden}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\textbf{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
{ "~" }
{ " " }
if$
swap$
}
FUNCTION {capitalize}
{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }
FUNCTION {space.word}
{ " " swap$ * " " * }
% Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.
% Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.
% The language selected here is ENGLISH
FUNCTION {bbl.and}
{ "and"}
FUNCTION {bbl.etal}
{ "et~al." }
FUNCTION {bbl.editors}
{ "eds." }
FUNCTION {bbl.editor}
{ "ed." }
FUNCTION {bbl.edby}
{ "edited by" }
FUNCTION {bbl.edition}
{ "edn." }
FUNCTION {bbl.volume}
{ "vol." }
FUNCTION {bbl.of}
{ "of" }
FUNCTION {bbl.number}
{ "no." }
FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }
FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }
FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ "" }
FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ "" }
FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "chap." }
FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Tech. Rep." }
FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }
FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }
MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}
MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Begin module:
% \ProvidesFile{physjour.mbs}[2002/01/14 2.2 (PWD)]
MACRO {aa}{"Astron. \& Astrophys."}
MACRO {aasup}{"Astron. \& Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."}
MACRO {aj} {"Astron. J."}
MACRO {aph} {"Acta Phys."}
MACRO {advp} {"Adv. Phys."}
MACRO {ajp} {"Amer. J. Phys."}
MACRO {ajm} {"Amer. J. Math."}
MACRO {amsci} {"Amer. Sci."}
MACRO {anofd} {"Ann. Fluid Dyn."}
MACRO {am} {"Ann. Math."}
MACRO {ap} {"Ann. Phys. (NY)"}
MACRO {adp} {"Ann. Phys. (Leipzig)"}
MACRO {ao} {"Appl. Opt."}
MACRO {apl} {"Appl. Phys. Lett."}
MACRO {app} {"Astroparticle Phys."}
MACRO {apj} {"Astrophys. J."}
MACRO {apjsup} {"Astrophys. J. Suppl."}
MACRO {apss} {"Astrophys. Space Sci."}
MACRO {araa} {"Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."}
MACRO {baas} {"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc."}
MACRO {baps} {"Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc."}
MACRO {cmp} {"Comm. Math. Phys."}
MACRO {cpam} {"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."}
MACRO {cppcf} {"Comm. Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"}
MACRO {cpc} {"Comp. Phys. Comm."}
MACRO {cqg} {"Class. Quant. Grav."}
MACRO {cra} {"C. R. Acad. Sci. A"}
MACRO {fed} {"Fusion Eng. \& Design"}
MACRO {ft} {"Fusion Tech."}
MACRO {grg} {"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."}
MACRO {ieeens} {"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."}
MACRO {ieeeps} {"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."}
MACRO {ijimw} {"Interntl. J. Infrared \& Millimeter Waves"}
MACRO {ip} {"Infrared Phys."}
MACRO {irp} {"Infrared Phys."}
MACRO {jap} {"J. Appl. Phys."}
MACRO {jasa} {"J. Acoust. Soc. America"}
MACRO {jcp} {"J. Comp. Phys."}
MACRO {jetp} {"Sov. Phys.--JETP"}
MACRO {jfe} {"J. Fusion Energy"}
MACRO {jfm} {"J. Fluid Mech."}
MACRO {jmp} {"J. Math. Phys."}
MACRO {jne} {"J. Nucl. Energy"}
MACRO {jnec} {"J. Nucl. Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl. Res."}
MACRO {jnm} {"J. Nucl. Mat."}
MACRO {jpc} {"J. Phys. Chem."}
MACRO {jpp} {"J. Plasma Phys."}
MACRO {jpsj} {"J. Phys. Soc. Japan"}
MACRO {jsi} {"J. Sci. Instrum."}
MACRO {jvst} {"J. Vac. Sci. \& Tech."}
MACRO {nat} {"Nature"}
MACRO {nature} {"Nature"}
MACRO {nedf} {"Nucl. Eng. \& Design/Fusion"}
MACRO {nf} {"Nucl. Fusion"}
MACRO {nim} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth."}
MACRO {nimpr} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Phys. Res."}
MACRO {np} {"Nucl. Phys."}
MACRO {npb} {"Nucl. Phys. B"}
MACRO {nt/f} {"Nucl. Tech./Fusion"}
MACRO {npbpc} {"Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)"}
MACRO {inc} {"Nuovo Cimento"}
MACRO {nc} {"Nuovo Cimento"}
MACRO {pf} {"Phys. Fluids"}
MACRO {pfa} {"Phys. Fluids A: Fluid Dyn."}
MACRO {pfb} {"Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys."}
MACRO {pl} {"Phys. Lett."}
MACRO {pla} {"Phys. Lett. A"}
MACRO {plb} {"Phys. Lett. B"}
MACRO {prep} {"Phys. Rep."}
MACRO {pnas} {"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"}
MACRO {pp} {"Phys. Plasmas"}
MACRO {ppcf} {"Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"}
MACRO {phitrsl} {"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"}
MACRO {prl} {"Phys. Rev. Lett."}
MACRO {pr} {"Phys. Rev."}
MACRO {physrev} {"Phys. Rev."}
MACRO {pra} {"Phys. Rev. A"}
MACRO {prb} {"Phys. Rev. B"}
MACRO {prc} {"Phys. Rev. C"}
MACRO {prd} {"Phys. Rev. D"}
MACRO {pre} {"Phys. Rev. E"}
MACRO {ps} {"Phys. Scripta"}
MACRO {procrsl} {"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"}
MACRO {rmp} {"Rev. Mod. Phys."}
MACRO {rsi} {"Rev. Sci. Inst."}
MACRO {science} {"Science"}
MACRO {sciam} {"Sci. Am."}
MACRO {sam} {"Stud. Appl. Math."}
MACRO {sjpp} {"Sov. J. Plasma Phys."}
MACRO {spd} {"Sov. Phys.--Doklady"}
MACRO {sptp} {"Sov. Phys.--Tech. Phys."}
MACRO {spu} {"Sov. Phys.--Uspeki"}
MACRO {st} {"Sky and Telesc."}
% End module: physjour.mbs
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Begin module:
% \ProvidesFile{geojour.mbs}[2002/07/10 2.0h (PWD)]
MACRO {aisr} {"Adv. Space Res."}
MACRO {ag} {"Ann. Geophys."}
MACRO {anigeo} {"Ann. Geofis."}
MACRO {angl} {"Ann. Glaciol."}
MACRO {andmet} {"Ann. d. Meteor."}
MACRO {andgeo} {"Ann. d. Geophys."}
MACRO {andphy} {"Ann. Phys.-Paris"}
MACRO {afmgb} {"Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol."}
MACRO {atph} {"Atm\'osphera"}
MACRO {aao} {"Atmos. Ocean"}
MACRO {ass}{"Astrophys. Space Sci."}
MACRO {atenv} {"Atmos. Environ."}
MACRO {aujag} {"Aust. J. Agr. Res."}
MACRO {aumet} {"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."}
MACRO {blmet} {"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."}
MACRO {bams} {"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."}
MACRO {cch} {"Clim. Change"}
MACRO {cdyn} {"Clim. Dynam."}
MACRO {cbul} {"Climatol. Bull."}
MACRO {cap} {"Contrib. Atmos. Phys."}
MACRO {dsr} {"Deep-Sea Res."}
MACRO {dhz} {"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."}
MACRO {dao} {"Dynam. Atmos. Oceans"}
MACRO {eco} {"Ecology"}
MACRO {empl}{"Earth, Moon and Planets"}
MACRO {envres} {"Environ. Res."}
MACRO {envst} {"Environ. Sci. Technol."}
MACRO {ecms} {"Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci."}
MACRO {expa}{"Exper. Astron."}
MACRO {geoint} {"Geofis. Int."}
MACRO {geopub} {"Geofys. Publ."}
MACRO {geogeo} {"Geol. Geofiz."}
MACRO {gafd} {"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."}
MACRO {gfd} {"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."}
MACRO {geomag} {"Geophys. Mag."}
MACRO {georl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."}
MACRO {grl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."}
MACRO {ga} {"Geophysica"}
MACRO {gs} {"Geophysics"}
MACRO {ieeetap} {"IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag."}
MACRO {ijawp} {"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."}
MACRO {ijc} {"Int. J. Climatol."}
MACRO {ijrs} {"Int. J. Remote Sens."}
MACRO {jam} {"J. Appl. Meteorol."}
MACRO {jaot} {"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."}
MACRO {jatp} {"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."}
MACRO {jastp} {"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."}
MACRO {jce} {"J. Climate"}
MACRO {jcam} {"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."}
MACRO {jcm} {"J. Climate Meteor."}
MACRO {jcy} {"J. Climatol."}
MACRO {jgr} {"J. Geophys. Res."}
MACRO {jga} {"J. Glaciol."}
MACRO {jh} {"J. Hydrol."}
MACRO {jmr} {"J. Mar. Res."}
MACRO {jmrj} {"J. Meteor. Res. Japan"}
MACRO {jm} {"J. Meteor."}
MACRO {jpo} {"J. Phys. Oceanogr."}
MACRO {jra} {"J. Rech. Atmos."}
MACRO {jaes} {"J. Aeronaut. Sci."}
MACRO {japca} {"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."}
MACRO {jas} {"J. Atmos. Sci."}
MACRO {jmts} {"J. Mar. Technol. Soc."}
MACRO {jmsj} {"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"}
MACRO {josj} {"J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan"}
MACRO {jwm} {"J. Wea. Mod."}
MACRO {lao} {"Limnol. Oceanogr."}
MACRO {mwl} {"Mar. Wea. Log"}
MACRO {mau} {"Mausam"}
MACRO {meteor} {"``Meteor'' Forschungsergeb."}
MACRO {map} {"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."}
MACRO {metmag} {"Meteor. Mag."}
MACRO {metmon} {"Meteor. Monogr."}
MACRO {metrun} {"Meteor. Rundsch."}
MACRO {metzeit} {"Meteor. Z."}
MACRO {metgid} {"Meteor. Gidrol."}
MACRO {mwr} {"Mon. Weather Rev."}
MACRO {nwd} {"Natl. Weather Dig."}
MACRO {nzjmfr} {"New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshwater Res."}
MACRO {npg} {"Nonlin. Proc. Geophys."}
MACRO {om} {"Oceanogr. Meteorol."}
MACRO {ocac} {"Oceanol. Acta"}
MACRO {oceanus} {"Oceanus"}
MACRO {paleoc} {"Paleoceanography"}
MACRO {pce} {"Phys. Chem. Earth"}
MACRO {pmg} {"Pap. Meteor. Geophys."}
MACRO {ppom} {"Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor."}
MACRO {physzeit} {"Phys. Z."}
MACRO {pps} {"Planet. Space Sci."}
MACRO {pss} {"Planet. Space Sci."}
MACRO {pag} {"Pure Appl. Geophys."}
MACRO {qjrms} {"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."}
MACRO {quatres} {"Quat. Res."}
MACRO {rsci} {"Radio Sci."}
MACRO {rse} {"Remote Sens. Environ."}
MACRO {rgeo} {"Rev. Geophys."}
MACRO {rgsp} {"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."}
MACRO {rdgeo} {"Rev. Geofis."}
MACRO {revmeta} {"Rev. Meteorol."}
MACRO {sgp}{"Surveys in Geophys."}
MACRO {sp} {"Solar Phys."}
MACRO {ssr} {"Space Sci. Rev."}
MACRO {tellus} {"Tellus"}
MACRO {tac} {"Theor. Appl. Climatol."}
MACRO {tagu} {"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (EOS)"}
MACRO {wrr} {"Water Resour. Res."}
MACRO {weather} {"Weather"}
MACRO {wafc} {"Weather Forecast."}
MACRO {ww} {"Weatherwise"}
MACRO {wmob} {"WMO Bull."}
MACRO {zeitmet} {"Z. Meteorol."}
% End module: geojour.mbs
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Begin module:
% \ProvidesFile{photjour.mbs}[1999/02/24 2.0b (PWD)]
MACRO {appopt} {"Appl. Opt."}
MACRO {bell} {"Bell Syst. Tech. J."}
MACRO {ell} {"Electron. Lett."}
MACRO {jasp} {"J. Appl. Spectr."}
MACRO {jqe} {"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."}
MACRO {jlwt} {"J. Lightwave Technol."}
MACRO {jmo} {"J. Mod. Opt."}
MACRO {josa} {"J. Opt. Soc. America"}
MACRO {josaa} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~A"}
MACRO {josab} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~B"}
MACRO {jdp} {"J. Phys. (Paris)"}
MACRO {oc} {"Opt. Commun."}
MACRO {ol} {"Opt. Lett."}
MACRO {phtl} {"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."}
MACRO {pspie} {"Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."}
MACRO {sse} {"Solid-State Electron."}
MACRO {sjot} {"Sov. J. Opt. Technol."}
MACRO {sjqe} {"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."}
MACRO {sleb} {"Sov. Phys.--Leb. Inst. Rep."}
MACRO {stph} {"Sov. Phys.--Techn. Phys."}
MACRO {stphl} {"Sov. Techn. Phys. Lett."}
MACRO {vr} {"Vision Res."}
MACRO {zph} {"Z. f. Physik"}
MACRO {zphb} {"Z. f. Physik~B"}
MACRO {zphd} {"Z. f. Physik~D"}
MACRO {CLEO} {"CLEO"}
MACRO {ASSL} {"Adv. Sol.-State Lasers"}
MACRO {OSA} {"OSA"}
% End module: photjour.mbs
%% Copyright 1994-2002 Patrick W Daly
MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}
MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}
MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}
MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}
MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}
MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."}
MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}
MACRO {ieeetcad}
{"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."}
MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}
MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}
MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}
MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."}
MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}
MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}
MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}
MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."}
MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"}
MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}
MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."}
MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}
FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$
duplicate$ missing$
{
pop$ pop$
""
}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{
swap$ pop$
}
{ swap$
"\bibinfo{" swap$ * "}{" * swap$ * "}" *
}
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$
duplicate$ missing$
{
swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$
""
}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{
swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
}
{ swap$
"\bibinfo{" swap$ * "}{" * swap$ * "}" *
}
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.eprint}
{ eprint duplicate$ empty$
'skip$
{ "\eprint"
archive empty$
'skip$
{ "[" * archive * "]" * }
if$
"{" * swap$ * "}" *
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.url}
{ url empty$
{ "" }
{ "\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * }
if$
}
STRINGS { bibinfo}
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
's :=
"" 't :=
#1 'nameptr :=
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames 'namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ s nameptr
"{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}"
format.name$
bibinfo bibinfo.check
't :=
nameptr #1 >
{
nameptr #1
#1 + =
numnames #5
> and
{ "others" 't :=
#1 'namesleft := }
'skip$
if$
namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{
s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
{ 't := }
{ pop$ }
if$
t "others" =
{
" " * bbl.etal emphasize *
}
{
"\&"
space.word * t *
}
if$
}
if$
}
't
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
} if$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{
format.names
}
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author "author" format.names
}
FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{
" " *
get.bbl.editor
"(" swap$ * ")" *
*
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.note}
{
note empty$
{ "" }
{ note #1 #1 substring$
duplicate$ "{" =
'skip$
{ output.state mid.sentence =
{ "l" }
{ "u" }
if$
change.case$
}
if$
note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title
duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{ "t" change.case$ }
if$
"title" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
"\bibitem{" write$
cite$ write$
"}" write$
newline$
""
before.all 'output.state :=
}
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
't :=
""
{ t empty$ not }
{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
{ "--" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
{ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
{ "-" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
while$
}
if$
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
if$
}
while$
}
FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in capitalize
" " * }
FUNCTION {format.date}
{
""
duplicate$ empty$
year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
{ swap$ 'skip$
{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
if$
*
}
{ swap$ 'skip$
{
swap$
" " * swap$
}
if$
*
}
if$
duplicate$ empty$
'skip$
{
before.all 'output.state :=
" (" swap$ * ")" *
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{
emphasize
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
'pop$
{ "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
{ "" }
{ bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix
"volume" bibinfo.check * *
series "series" bibinfo.check
duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
{ swap$ bbl.of space.word * swap$
emphasize * }
if$
"volume and number" number either.or.check
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
{ number empty$
{ series field.or.null }
{ series empty$
{ number "number" bibinfo.check }
{ output.state mid.sentence =
{ bbl.number }
{ bbl.number capitalize }
if$
number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *
bbl.in space.word *
series "series" bibinfo.check *
}
if$
}
if$
}
{ "" }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{
output.state mid.sentence =
{ "l" }
{ "t" }
if$ change.case$
"edition" bibinfo.check
" " * bbl.edition *
}
if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
#0 'multiresult :=
{ multiresult not
t empty$ not
and
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$
duplicate$ "-" =
swap$ duplicate$ "," =
swap$ "+" =
or or
{ #1 'multiresult := }
{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
if$
}
while$
multiresult
}
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{ duplicate$ multi.page.check
{
n.dashify
}
{
}
if$
"pages" bibinfo.check
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
{ swap$ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ pop$ format.pages }
{
", " *
swap$
n.dashify
"pages" bibinfo.check
*
}
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{
"volume" bibinfo.check
}
if$
bolden
format.journal.pages
}
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
'format.pages
{ type empty$
{ bbl.chapter }
{ type "l" change.case$
"type" bibinfo.check
}
if$
chapter tie.or.space.prefix
"chapter" bibinfo.check
* *
pages empty$
'skip$
{ ", " * format.pages * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.booktitle}
{
booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check
emphasize
}
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
{
editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
{
" " *
get.bbl.editor
"(" swap$ * ") " *
* swap$
* }
if$
word.in swap$ *
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
and and and and and
{ "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type duplicate$ empty$
'pop$
{ swap$ pop$
"t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ number "number" bibinfo.check
type duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ bbl.techrep }
'skip$
if$
"type" bibinfo.check
swap$ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "t" change.case$ }
{ tie.or.space.prefix * * }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{
key duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$
journal duplicate$ empty$
{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * warning$ }
{ "journal" bibinfo.check emphasize word.in swap$ * }
if$
}
{ word.in swap$ * " " *}
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
"editor" bibinfo.check
editor num.names$ duplicate$
#2 >
{ pop$
"editor" bibinfo.check
" " * bbl.etal
emphasize
*
}
{ #2 <
'skip$
{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{
"editor" bibinfo.check
" " * bbl.etal
emphasize
*
}
{
" \& "
* editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
"editor" bibinfo.check
*
}
if$
}
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume duplicate$ empty$
{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
pop$ word.in
}
{ bbl.volume
capitalize
swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word *
}
if$
editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ series empty$
{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
"" *
}
{ series emphasize * }
if$
}
{ key * }
if$
}
{ format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{
editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$
{ "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
}
{ word.in swap$ * }
if$
}
{ word.in key * " " *}
if$
}
{ word.in format.crossref.editor * " " *}
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
""
year empty$
{ "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
'skip$
if$
address empty$ t empty$ and
year empty$ and
'skip$
{
add.blank "(" *
t empty$
{ address "address" bibinfo.check *
}
{ t *
address empty$
'skip$
{ ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * }
if$
}
if$
year empty$
'skip$
{ t empty$ address empty$ and
'skip$
{ ", " * }
if$
year "year" bibinfo.check
*
}
if$
")" *
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub
}
FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}
FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
{
journal
"journal" bibinfo.check
emphasize
"journal" output.check
add.blank
format.vol.num.pages output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ format.article.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check
add.blank
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.bvolume output
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
format.publisher.address output
}
{
new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
format.date "year" output.check
}
if$
format.edition output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
format.date output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{
format.bvolume output
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
format.publisher.address output
}
{
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
format.date "year" output.check
}
if$
format.edition output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
{ format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
format.chapter.pages output
new.sentence
format.publisher.address output
format.edition output
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
format.chapter.pages output
}
if$
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
{ format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
format.pages output
new.sentence
publisher empty$
{ format.organization.address output }
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
format.publisher.address output
}
if$
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check
duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
{ output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
}
if$
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull }
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
author empty$
{ organization empty$
{
address new.block.checka
address "address" bibinfo.check output
}
'skip$
if$
}
{
organization address new.block.checkb
organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
%format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.btitle
"title" output.check
new.block
bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" bibinfo.warn output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
title howpublished new.block.checkb
format.title output
howpublished new.block.checka
howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
format.date output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
empty.misc.check
}
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.btitle
"title" output.check
new.block
bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" bibinfo.warn output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
editor empty$
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
}
{ format.editors output.nonnull }
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
editor empty$
{ publisher empty$
'skip$
{
new.sentence
format.publisher.address output
}
if$
}
{ publisher empty$
{
new.sentence
format.organization.address output }
{
new.sentence
organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
format.publisher.address output
}
if$
}
if$
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title
"title" output.check
new.block
format.tr.number output.nonnull
institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
address "address" bibinfo.check output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note output
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
format.date output
new.block
format.url output
new.block
format.note "note" output.check
format.eprint output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
READ
STRINGS { longest.label }
INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
#1 'number.label :=
#0 'longest.label.width :=
}
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
label width$ longest.label.width >
{ label 'longest.label :=
label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
}
'skip$
if$
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
'skip$
{ preamble$ write$ newline$ }
if$
"\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" *
write$ newline$
"\expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax"
write$ newline$
" \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi"
write$ newline$
"\expandafter\ifx\csname urlprefix\endcsname\relax\def\urlprefix{URL }\fi"
write$ newline$
"\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
write$ newline$
"\providecommand{\eprint}[2][]{\url{#2}}"
write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
"\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `nature.bst'.
diff --git a/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.pdf b/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.pdf
index 2141ec8..8972082 100644
Binary files a/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.pdf and b/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.pdf differ
diff --git a/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.tex b/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.tex
index 50f6a00..03e5141 100644
--- a/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.tex
+++ b/spock_natureastronomy_finalsubmission.tex
...
%\documentclass{nature}
\documentclass{article}
%\bibliographystyle{naturemag} \bibliographystyle{naturemag}
%\usepackage{natbib}
\usepackage{cite}
...
\usepackage{hyperref} % url text formatting
\usepackage{deluxetable}
\usepackage{xspace} % def commands that appear not to eat a space
\usepackage{journalnames} \usepackage{journalnames_nature} %
aastex-style Nature-style Astrophysics journal abbrev.
\usepackage{multicol,caption} % for mixing single- and two-column text
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
...
Saint-Genis-Laval, France}
\bibliographystyle{naturemag} %\bibliographystyle{naturemag}
\begin{document}
...
time-delayed events that were missed by the \HST imaging of this
field.
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary Note~\ref{sec:LensModelVariations}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
The models also predict absolute magnification values between about
$\mu=10$ and $\mu=200$ for both events. This wide range is caused
primarily by the close proximity of the lensing critical curve (the
...
make reasonable adjustments to the lens model parameters so that the
critical curve does not bisect the \spock host arc, but instead
intersects both of the \spock locations (see Supplementary
Note~\ref{sec:LensModelVariations}). Information). Such lensing configurations can
qualitatively reproduce the observed morphology of the \spock host
galaxy, but they are disfavoured by a purely quantitative assessment of
the positional strong-lensing constraints.
...
from 2009 to 2014, including \Chandra X-ray Space Telescope imaging
that was coeval with the peak of infrared emission from \spocktwo.
%***Steve: Below, ``\citep{Fregeau:2004}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
% In fact, ALL of the citations in this next paragraph lead to
% question marks in the PDF file...
Dynamically induced stellar collisions or close interactions in a
dense stellar cluster\citep{Fregeau:2004} could in principle produce a
series of optical transients. Similarly, the collision of a jovian
...
transients\cite{Drout:2014}, Ca-rich SNe\cite{Kasliwal:2012}, and
luminous red novae\cite{Kulkarni:2007}.
%***Steve: Below, ``\cite{Li:1998,''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
The SN-like transients that come closest to matching the observed
light curves of the two \spock events are the ``kilonova'' class and
the ``.Ia'' class. Kilonovae are a category of optical/near-infrared
...
highly unlikely to detect two such transients from the same galaxy in
a single year.
%***Steve: Below, ``(see Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:HostProperties}
% and Supplementary Table~\ref{tab:HostProperties})''
% results in question marks in the PDF file -- fix.
Although the two events were most likely not {\it temporally}
coincident, all of our lens models indicate that it is entirely
plausible for the two \spock events to be {\it spatially} coincident:
...
reconstructions ($\sim0.6$\arcsec in the lens plane). This is
supported by the fact that the host-galaxy colours and spectral indices
at each \spock location are indistinguishable within the uncertainties
(see Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:HostProperties} Figures~5 and 6 and Supplementary
Table~\ref{tab:HostProperties}). Tables~1 and 2). Thus, to accommodate all of the
observations of the \spock events with a single astrophysical source,
we turn to two categories of stellar explosion that are sporadically
recurrent: luminous blue variables (LBVs) and recurrent novae (RNe).
\subsection{Luminous Blue Variable.}
%***Steve: Below, ``(see Supplementary
% Figure~\ref{fig:LBVLightCurveComparison})''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
The transient sources categorised as LBVs are the result of eruptions
or explosive episodes from massive stars ($>10$ \Msun). The class is
exemplified by examples such as P Cygni, $\eta$ Carinae (\etaCar), and
...
eruptions have been observed to last much longer than the \spock
events\cite{Smith:2011b}, some LBVs have exhibited repeated rapid
outbursts that are broadly consistent with the very fast \spock light
curves (see Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:LBVLightCurveComparison}). Figure~7). Because of this common
stochastic variability, the LBV hypothesis does not have any trouble
accounting for the \spock events as two separate episodes.
...
cycle is directly observed, the object is classified as a recurrent
nova (RN).
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary
% Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaLightCurveComparison}
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
The light curves of many RN systems in the Milky Way are similar in
shape to the \spock episodes, exhibiting a sharp rise ($<10$ days in
the rest-frame) and a similarly rapid decline (see Supplementary
Information and Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaLightCurveComparison}). Figure~8). This is
reflected in Figure~\ref{fig:PeakLuminosityDeclineTime}, where novae
are represented by a grey band that traces the empirical constraints
on the maximum magnitude vs.\ rate of decline (MMRD) relation for
...
a very extreme mass-transfer rate to accommodate the $<1$~yr
recurrence.
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary Figure
% \ref{fig:RecurrentNovaRecurrenceComparison}
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
Another major concern with the RN hypothesis is that the two \spock
events are substantially brighter than all known novae---perhaps by as
much as 2 orders of magnitude. This is exacerbated by the
observational and theoretical evidence indicating that
rapid-recurrence novae have less energetic eruptions\cite{Yaron:2005}
(see Supplementary Information and Supplementary
Figure
\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaRecurrenceComparison}). Figure~9). Although
the RN model is not strictly ruled out, we can deduce that if the
\spock transients are caused by a single RN system, then that
progenitor system would be among the most extreme white dwarf binary
systems yet known.
\subsection{Microlensing.}\label{sec:MicroLensing}
...
high density of intracluster stars (see Methods)---comparable to that
observed for the MACS J1149 LS1 transient.
%***Steve: Below, ``(Supplementary
% Figure~\ref{fig:ColorCurves})
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
The characteristic timescale of a canonical caustic-crossing event
would be on the order of hours or days (see Supplementary
Information), which is comparable to the timescales observed for the
...
observed light curves (see Methods), we find that the inferred colour
curves for both \spock events are marginally consistent with this
expectation of an unchanging colour (Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:ColorCurves}). Figure~4).
In the baseline lensing configuration adopted above---where a single
critical curve subtends the \spock host galaxy arc---these events
...
% BEGIN MAIN REFERENCES
\medskip
\bibliography{/Users/rodney/Dropbox/bibdesk/bibdesk}{}
%
\bibliography{./bibliography/biblio}{} \begin{thebibliography}{10}
% \expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax
% \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi
% \expandafter\ifx\csname urlprefix\endcsname\relax\def\urlprefix{URL }\fi
% \providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}
% \providecommand{\eprint}[2][]{\url{#2}}
%
% \bibitem{Kasliwal:2011a}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Kasliwal}, M.~M.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Discovery of a New Photometric Sub-class of Faint
% and Fast Classical Novae}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{735}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{94} (\bibinfo{year}{2011}).
%
% \bibitem{Drout:2014}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Drout}, M.~R.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Rapidly Evolving and Luminous Transients from
% Pan-STARRS1}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{794}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{23} (\bibinfo{year}{2014}).
%
% \bibitem{Berger:2013b}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Berger}, E.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{A Search for Fast Optical Transients in the
% Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey: M-Dwarf Flares, Asteroids, Limits on
% Extragalactic Rates, and Implications for LSST}}.
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% \bibinfo{pages}{18} (\bibinfo{year}{2013}).
%
% \bibitem{Tyson:2002}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Tyson}, J.~A.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Large Synoptic Survey Telescope: Overview}}.
% \newblock In \bibinfo{editor}{{Tyson}, J.~A.} \& \bibinfo{editor}{{Wolff}, S.}
% (eds.) \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and
% Discoveries}}, vol. \bibinfo{volume}{4836} of \emph{\bibinfo{series}{Society
% of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{10--20} (\bibinfo{year}{2002}).
%
% \bibitem{Lotz:2017}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Lotz}, J.~M.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{The Frontier Fields: Survey Design and Initial
% Results}}.
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% \bibinfo{pages}{97} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).
%
% \bibitem{Zitrin:2013a}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Zitrin}, A.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{CLASH: The Enhanced Lensing Efficiency of the Highly
% Elongated Merging Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apjl}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{762}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{L30} (\bibinfo{year}{2013}).
%
% \bibitem{Jauzac:2014}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Jauzac}, M.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Hubble Frontier Fields: a high-precision
% strong-lensing analysis of galaxy cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403 using 200 multiple
% images}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{443}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{1549--1554} (\bibinfo{year}{2014}).
%
% \bibitem{Johnson:2014}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Johnson}, T.~L.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Lens Models and Magnification Maps of the Six Hubble
% Frontier Fields Clusters}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{797}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{48} (\bibinfo{year}{2014}).
%
% \bibitem{Richard:2014}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Richard}, J.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space
% Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high-redshift studies}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{444}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{268--289} (\bibinfo{year}{2014}).
%
% \bibitem{Diego:2015a}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Diego}, J.~M.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{A free-form lensing grid solution for A1689 with new
% multiple images}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{446}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{683--704} (\bibinfo{year}{2015}).
%
% \bibitem{Grillo:2015}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Grillo}, C.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{CLASH-VLT: Insights on the Mass Substructures in the
% Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 through Accurate Strong Lens
% Modeling}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{800}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{38} (\bibinfo{year}{2015}).
%
% \bibitem{Hoag:2016}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Hoag}, A.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS).
% VI. Comparing the Mass and Light in MACS J0416.1-2403 Using Frontier Field
% Imaging and GLASS Spectroscopy}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{831}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{182} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).
%
% \bibitem{Sebesta:2016}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Sebesta}, K.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Williams}, L.~L.~R.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Mohammed}, I.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Saha}, P.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Liesenborgs}, J.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Testing light-traces-mass in Hubble Frontier Fields
% Cluster MACS-J0416.1-2403}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{461}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{2126--2134} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).
%
% \bibitem{Caminha:2017}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Caminha}, G.~B.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{A refined mass distribution of the cluster MACS
% J0416.1-2403 from a new large set of spectroscopic multiply lensed sources}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\aap}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{600}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{A90} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).
%
% \bibitem{Karoff:2016}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Karoff}, C.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Observational evidence for enhanced magnetic
% activity of superflare stars}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{Nature Communications}}
% \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{7}}, \bibinfo{pages}{11058} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).
%
% \bibitem{Fregeau:2004}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Fregeau}, J.~M.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Cheung}, P.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Portegies Zwart}, S.~F.} \& \bibinfo{author}{{Rasio},
% F.~A.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Stellar collisions during binary-binary and
% binary-single star interactions}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{352}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{1--19} (\bibinfo{year}{2004}).
%
% \bibitem{Metzger:2012}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Metzger}, B.~D.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Giannios}, D.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Spiegel}, D.~S.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Optical and X-ray transients from planet-star
% mergers}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{425}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{2778--2798} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).
%
% \bibitem{Yamazaki:2017}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Yamazaki}, R.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Hayasaki}, K.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Loeb}, A.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Optical-infrared flares and radio afterglows by
% Jovian planets inspiraling into their host stars}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{466}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{1421--1427} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).
%
% \bibitem{Di-Stefano:2015}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Di Stefano}, R.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Fisher}, R.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Guillochon}, J.} \& \bibinfo{author}{{Steiner}, J.~F.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Death by Dynamics: Planetoid-Induced Explosions on
% White Dwarfs}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{ArXiv e-prints}} (\bibinfo{year}{2015}).
%
% \bibitem{Kulkarni:2007}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Kulkarni}, S.~R.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{An unusually brilliant transient in the galaxy
% M85}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\nat}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{447}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{458--460} (\bibinfo{year}{2007}).
%
% \bibitem{Gal-Yam:2012}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Gal-Yam}, A.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Luminous Supernovae}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{Science}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{337}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{927--} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).
%
% \bibitem{Foley:2013a}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Foley}, R.~J.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Type Iax Supernovae: A New Class of Stellar
% Explosion}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{767}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{57} (\bibinfo{year}{2013}).
%
% \bibitem{Kasliwal:2012}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Kasliwal}, M.~M.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Calcium-rich Gap Transients in the Remote Outskirts
% of Galaxies}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{755}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{161} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).
%
% \bibitem{Li:1998}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Li}, L.-X.} \& \bibinfo{author}{{Paczy{\'n}ski}, B.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apjl}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{507}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{L59--L62} (\bibinfo{year}{1998}).
%
% \bibitem{Tanvir:2013}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Tanvir}, N.~R.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{A `kilonova' associated with the short-duration
% {$\gamma$}-ray burst GRB 130603B}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\nat}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{500}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{547--549} (\bibinfo{year}{2013}).
%
% \bibitem{Jin:2016}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Jin}, Z.-P.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{The Macronova in GRB 050709 and the GRB-macronova
% connection}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{Nature Communications}}
% \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{7}}, \bibinfo{pages}{12898} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).
%
% \bibitem{Bildsten:2007}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Bildsten}, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Shen}, K.~J.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Weinberg}, N.~N.} \& \bibinfo{author}{{Nelemans}, G.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Faint Thermonuclear Supernovae from AM Canum
% Venaticorum Binaries}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apjl}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{662}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{L95--L98} (\bibinfo{year}{2007}).
%
% \bibitem{Barnes:2013}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Barnes}, J.} \& \bibinfo{author}{{Kasen}, D.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Effect of a High Opacity on the Light Curves of
% Radioactively Powered Transients from Compact Object Mergers}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{775}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{18} (\bibinfo{year}{2013}).
%
% \bibitem{Kasen:2015}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Kasen}, D.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Fern{\'a}ndez}, R.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Metzger}, B.~D.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Kilonova light curves from the disc wind outflows of
% compact object mergers}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{450}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{1777--1786} (\bibinfo{year}{2015}).
%
% \bibitem{Shen:2010}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Shen}, K.~J.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Kasen}, D.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Weinberg}, N.~N.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Bildsten}, L.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Scannapieco}, E.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Thermonuclear .Ia Supernovae from Helium Shell
% Detonations: Explosion Models and Observables}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{715}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{767--774} (\bibinfo{year}{2010}).
%
% \bibitem{Smith:2011b}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Smith}, N.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Li}, W.},
% \bibinfo{author}{{Silverman}, J.~M.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Ganeshalingam}, M.}
% \& \bibinfo{author}{{Filippenko}, A.~V.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Luminous blue variable eruptions and related
% transients: diversity of progenitors and outburst properties}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\mnras}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{415}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{773--810} (\bibinfo{year}{2011}).
%
% \bibitem{Kochanek:2012}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Kochanek}, C.~S.}, \bibinfo{author}{{Szczygie{\l}}, D.~M.} \&
% \bibinfo{author}{{Stanek}, K.~Z.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Unmasking the Supernova Impostors}}.
% \newblock \emph{\bibinfo{journal}{\apj}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{758}},
% \bibinfo{pages}{142} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).
%
% \bibitem{Maza:2009}
% \bibinfo{author}{{Maza}, J.} \emph{et~al.}
% \newblock \bibinfo{title}{Supernova 2009ip in ngc 7259}.
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% (\bibinfo{year}{2009}).
%
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% END MAIN REFERENCES
...
\subsection{Discovery.}\label{sec:Discovery}
The
transient \spock\
was transients were discovered in \HST imaging collected as part
of the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) survey (HST-PID GO-13496, PI Lotz),
a multicycle program observing six massive galaxy clusters and
associated ``blank sky'' parallel fields\cite{Lotz:2017}. Several
...
epoch of \HST data through a difference-imaging
pipeline (\url{https://github.com/srodney/sndrizpipe}), using
archival \HST images to provide reference images (templates) which are
subtracted from the astrometrically registered HFF images.
In the case
of MACS0416, For \MACS0416, the templates
were constructed from comprise images collected as
part of the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH,
HST-PID GO-12459, PI Postman)\cite{Postman:2012}. The resulting
difference images are
visually
inspected for new point sources, inspected, and any new transients of
interest (primarily SNe) are monitored with additional
\HST imaging or ground-based spectroscopic observations as needed.
\subsection{Photometry.}\label{sec:Photometry}
%***Steve: Below, ``Tables~\ref{tab:spockonephot} and
% \ref{tab:spocktwophot}
% result in question marks in the PDF file -- fix.
The follow-up observations for \spock\ included \HST imaging
observations in infrared and optical bands using the WFC3-IR and
ACS-WFC detectors, respectively.
Tables~\ref{tab:spockonephot} Supplementary Tables~3 and
\ref{tab:spocktwophot} 4 present photometry of the \spock\ events from
all available \HST observations. The flux was measured on difference
images, first using aperture photometry with a 0\farcs3 radius, and
also by fitting with an empirical point-spread function (PSF). The
...
the near-infrared (NIR) arm of X-shooter, 3.6~hr for the visual (VIS)
arm, and 3.9~hr for
the UVB arm. The spectrum did not provide any detection of the
transient source itself
(as we will see below, because it had
already faded
back to its quiescent state by that time). below detectability. However,
it the spectrum did provide
an
unambiguous a
redshift for the host galaxy of $z=1.0054\pm0.0002$ from
\Ha\ and the \forbidden{O}{ii} doublet in data from the NIR and VIS
arms, respectively.
These line identifications are This is consistent with
two measures of
the photometric redshift of the host: $z=1.00\pm0.02$
from the BPZ algorithm\citep{Benitez:2000}, and $z=0.92\pm0.05$ from
the EAZY program\citep{Brammer:2008}. Both were derived from \HST
photometry of the host images 11.1 and 11.2, spanning 4350--16,000 \AA.
...
CLASH-VLT large program (Program 186.A-0.798; PI
P. Rosati)\citep{Rosati:2014}, which collected $\sim4000$ reliable
redshifts over 600 arcmin$^2$ in the \macs0416
field\citep{Grillo:2015,Balestra:2016}.
These massively multi-object
observations could potentially have provided confirmation of the
redshift of the \spock host galaxy with separate spectral line
identifications in each of the three host-galaxy images. For the
\macs0416 field the CLASH-VLT program collected 1~hr of useful
exposure time in good seeing conditions with the Low Resolution Blue
grism. Unfortunately, the wavelength range of this grism (3600--6700
...
December 2014 for 2~hr of integration time (ESO program
094.A-0115, PI J.\,Richard). These observations also confirmed the
redshift of the host galaxy with clear detection of the
\forbidden{O}{ii} doublet.
Importantly, since Since MUSE is an integral
field spectrograph, these observations also provided a confirmation of
the redshift of the third image of the host galaxy, 11.3, with a
matching \forbidden{O}{ii} line at the same wavelength\cite{Caminha:2017}.
...
Input weak-lensing constraints were derived from data collected at the
Subaru telescope\cite{Umetsu:2014, Umetsu:2016} and archival imaging.
Variations of these lens models, developed specifically for analysis
of the \spock transients, are described in the Supplementary
Information.
\subsection{X-ray Nondetections.}\label{sec:Xray}
The \MACS0416 field was observed by the \Swift X-Ray Telescope
...
\subsection{Light-Curve Fitting.}\label{sec:LightCurves}
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:LinearLightCurveFits}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix. Owing to the rapid decline timescale, no observations were collected
for either event that unambiguously show the declining portion of the
light curve. Therefore, we must make some assumptions for the shape of
the light curve in order to quantify the peak luminosity and the
corresponding timescales for the rise and the decline. We first
approach this with a simplistic model that is piecewise linear in
magnitude vs. time. Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:LinearLightCurveFits} Figure~3 shows examples of the
resulting fits for the two events. For each fit we use only the data
collected within 3 days of the brightest observed magnitude, which
allows us to fit a linear rise separately for the F606W and F814W
light curves of \spockone and the F125W and F160W light curves of
\spocktwo. To quantify the covariance between the true peak
brightness, the rise time, and the decline timescale, we use the
following procedure.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Make an assumption for the date of peak, $t_{\rm pk}$.
...
\item Make a new assumption for $t_{\rm pk}$ and repeat.
\end{enumerate}
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:LinearLightCurveFits}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
As shown in Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:LinearLightCurveFits}, the resulting
piecewise linear fits are simplistic, but nevertheless approximately
capture the observed behaviour for both events. Furthermore, since
this toy model is not physically motivated, it allows us to remain
agnostic for the time being as to the astrophysical source(s) driving
these transients. From these fits we can \noindent For further details, see
that \spockone most
likely reached a peak magnitude between 25 and 26.5 AB mag in both
F814W and F435W, and had a decline timescale $t_2$ of less than 2 days
in the
rest frame. The observations discussion of
\spocktwo provide less
stringent constraints, but we see that it had a peak between
23 Supplementary
Figure~3 and
26.5 AB mag in
F160W and exhibited a decline time of $<7$
days. These fits also illustrate the generic fact that a higher
peak brightness corresponds to a longer rise time and a faster decline
timescale, independent of the specific model used. Changes to the
arbitrary constraints we placed on these linear fits do not
substantially affect these results. Supplementary Information.
At any assumed value for the time of peak brightness this linear
interpolation gives an estimate of the peak magnitude. We then convert
...
\subsection{RN Light-Curve Comparison.}\label{sec:RNLightCurves}
There are ten known RNe in the Milky Way galaxy, and seven of these
exhibit outbursts that decline rapidly, fading by 2~mag in $<10$
days\citep{Schaefer:2010}. We compared the declining phase of these
nova outbursts against the \spock transients by normalizing the nova
light curves to the observed peak flux of the \spock light curves. As
shown in Supplementary Figure~8, this comparison demonstrates that the
rapid decline of both of the \spock transient events is fully
consistent with the eruptions of known RNe in the local universe.
%***Steve: Below,
% ``Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaLightCurveComparison}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix. Ditto for the
% next figure referenced in that paragraph.
There are ten known RNe in the Milky Way galaxy, and seven of
these exhibit outbursts that decline rapidly, fading by 2~mag
in $<10$ days\citep{Schaefer:2010}.
Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaLightCurveComparison}
compares the \spock light curves to a composite light curve (the grey
shaded region), which encompasses the $V$-band light-curve
templates\citep{Schaefer:2010} for all seven of these Galactic RN
events. The Andromeda galaxy (M31) also hosts at least one RN with a
rapidly declining light curve. The 2014 eruption of this well-studied
nova, M31N 2008-12a, is shown as a solid black line in Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaLightCurveComparison}, fading by 2~mag in
$<3$ days. This comparison demonstrates that the rapid decline of
both of the \spock transient events is fully consistent with the
eruptions of known RNe in the local universe. \subsection{RN Luminosity and Recurrence
Period.}\label{sec:RNLuminosityRecurrence}
%***Steve: Below, ``Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaRecurrenceComparison}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix. Ditto for the
% next figure referenced in that paragraph. Period.}
\label{sec:RNLuminosityRecurrence}
To examine the recurrence period and peak brightness of the \spock
events relative to RNe, we rely on a pair of papers that evaluated an
extensive grid of nova models through multiple cycles of outburst and
quiescence\citep{Prialnik:1995,Yaron:2005}.
Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaRecurrenceComparison} plots first We assume that the
RN
outburst amplitude (the apparent magnitude between \spock
events represent two outbursts
minus the
apparent magnitude at peak) and then of the
peak luminosity against same RN source, correct for the
log of gravitational lensing time delay predicted by our lensing models, and
derive the recurrence period
in years.
For from the
\spock events we can only measure a lower limit on the
outburst amplitude, since the presumed progenitor star is unresolved,
so no measurement is available at quiescence. Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:RecurrentNovaRecurrenceComparison} shows observed separation in time
between \spockone and \spocktwo. The nova recurrence models indicate
that a recurrence period as fast as one year is expected only for a RN
system in which the primary white dwarf is both very close to the
Chandrasekhar mass limit (1.4 \Msun) and also has an extraordinarily
rapid mass-transfer rate ($\sim10^{-6}$ \Msun yr$^{-1}$). The models
of \citeref{Yaron:2005} suggest that such systems should have a very
low peak amplitude (barely consistent with the lower limit for \spock)
and a low peak luminosity ($\sim100$ times less luminous than the
\spock events).
The closest analog for the \spock events from the population of known
RN systems is the nova M31N\,2008-12a. \citeref{Kato:2015} provided a
theoretical model that can account for the key observational
characteristics of this remarkable nova: the very rapid recurrence
timescale ($<$1 yr), fast optical light curve ($\t2\approx2$ days), and
short supersoft x-ray phase (6--18 days after optical
outburst)\citep{Henze:2015a}. To match these observations,
\citeref{Kato:2015} invoke a 1.38 \Msun white dwarf primary,
drawing mass from a companion at a rate of $1.6\times10^{-7}$ \Msun
yr$^{-1}$. This
comparison is
largely consistent with the theoretical
expectations derived by \citeref{Yaron:2005}, presented in Supplementary
Figure~9 and
reinforces the
conclusion that a combination of a high-mass white dwarf and efficient
mass transfer physical implications are
discussed in the
key ingredients for rapid recurrence and short
light curves. The one feature that cannot be effectively explained
with this hypothesis is the peculiarly high luminosity of the \spock
events -- even after accounting for the very large uncertainties. Supplementary Information.
\subsection{Intracluster Light.}\label{sec:ICL}
...
\subsection{Colour Curves.}\label{sec:ColorCurves}
%***Steve: Below, ``Supplementary Figure~\ref{fig:ColorCurves}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
At $z=1$ the observed optical and infrared bands translate to
rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and optical wavelengths, respectively. To
derive rest-frame UV and optical colours from the observed photometry,
...
broad bands for each transient event at every epoch. For consistency
with past published results, we include in each K-correction a
transformation from AB to Vega-based magnitudes. The resulting UV and
optical colours are plotted in Supplementary
Figure~\ref{fig:ColorCurves}. Figure~4. Both
\spockone and \spocktwo show little or no colour variation over the
period where colour information is available. This lack of colour
evolution is compatible with all three of the primary hypotheses
...
\subsection{Rates.}\label{sec:RatesMethods}
%***Steve: Below, ``Figure~\ref{fig:StronglyLensedGalaxies}''
% results in a question mark in the PDF file -- fix.
To derive a rough estimate of the rate of \spock-like transients, we
first define the set of strongly lensed galaxies in which a similarly
faint and fast transient could have been detected in the HFF
...
Using photometric redshifts and magnifications derived from the GLAFIC
lens models of the six HFF clusters, we find $N_{\rm gal}=6$ galaxies
that satisfy this criterion, with $0.5
Figure~\ref{fig:StronglyLensedGalaxies}). Figure~10).
We then define the {\it control time}, $t_{c}$, for the HFF survey,
which gives the span of time over which each cluster was observed with
...
(N_{\rm gal}\,t_c)$. This yields $R=1.5$ events galaxy$^{-1}$
yr$^{-1}$.
Future examination of the rate of such transients should consider the
total stellar mass and the star-formation rates of the galaxies
surveyed, or use a projection of the lensed background area onto the
source plane to derive a volumetric rate. Such analyses would require
a more detailed exploration of the impact of lensing uncertainties on
derived properties of the lensed galaxies and the lensed volume, and
this is beyond the scope of the current work.
\bigskip
% END OF METHODS SECTION
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
