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this expectation of an unchanging color (Methods
\ref{sec:ColorCurves}).
Although the phenomenology of each \spock event is compatible with a
microlensing explanation, when applying this The lensing scenario
that has been most consistently applied to
the MACS0416
field it is still difficult to explain {\it two} events with similar
decay timescales at such distinct locations on the sky. This this
host galaxy \todo{add references} is
primarily because that a
caustic-crossing transient event must appear at
the location of the lensing single critical
curve.
It is possible for such
microlensing transients curve
passes roughly mid-way between the two observed \spock locations.
Each event then belongs to
appear offset from one of two images (11.1 and 11.2) that
comprise the
central spine long arc of the
critical curve, and host galaxy. For this
may in fact be observed in single critical
curve scenario, the
case angular separation of
{\it Icarus}
due $1\farcs8$ between the
\spock events corresponds to a
``blurring'' physical separation of many tens of
parsecs in the source plane. A star could not traverse that distance
in the $\sim$120 rest-frame days that separate the
two \spock events.
Thus, even with a critical curve
caused smeared out by the
intracluster stars
It is possible to ubstantial clumping of mass along the line effects of
sight through the lensing cluster (from the
The consensus from our
six lens models is that there is only ICL, it would be impossible for a single
critical curve passing
roughly mid-way between star crossing a single
caustic in the
two observed \spock locations.
The source plane to be responsible for both transients.
Some lens models
could, can, however, be modified so that instead of just two
host images (11.1 and 11.2 in Figure~\ref{fig:Discovery}), the lensed
galaxy arc is made up of three or more images of the host, with
multiple critical curves subtending the arc where the \spock events
appeared. By tuning the assumed masses of cluster galaxies near the
\spock host, those multiple critical curves can be made to cross very
close to the positions of the two \spock transient events.
This In the
{\it Kawamata} and {\it Diego} lens models, this alternative lensing
scenario
is disfavored by the fact requires that the
host
galaxy arc is quite smooth. If it were composed masses of
more than two
images one would expect to see gaps or bright knots where the
multiple
images two nearest cluster galaxies
are
imperfectly joined. Setting aside increased by $30-60\%$. With this
qualitative
incompatibility, even with multiple critical curves near the \spock
events it would still be impossible to have a single star in the
source plane be responsible for adjustment, both
transients. The angular
separation of models can
reproduce the
two \spock events corresponds to a physical
separation observed morphology of
many tens of parsecs in the
source plane, and HFF14Spo host galaxy as a
star
could not traverse that distance in smooth, unbroken arc. These model realizations imply magnifications
on the
$\sim$120 rest-frame days that
separate the two order of $\mu\sim1000$ for both \spock
events. Thus, even if multiple critical
curves pass very near transients. If this
lensing scenario is correct, then similar microlensing transients
would be expected to appear at different locations along the
\spock events, a stellar host
galaxy arc, instigated by new caustic crossing
could account for at best only one of episodes from different
stars in the
\spock events, not both. host galaxy.
\subsection{Ruling Out Common Astrophysical Transients}
Since Instead of relying on lensing
effects alone
is insufficient to explain the
rise and
fall of the \spock events, we
must might instead invoke some astrophysical
transient source in the host galaxy. There are several categories of
astrophysical transients that cannot accommodate the light curve
characteristics of the \spock transients. We may first dismiss any of
the category of {\it periodic} sources (e.g. Cepheids, RR Lyrae, or
Mira variables) that exhibit regular changes in flux due to pulsations
of the stellar photosphere. These variable stars do not exhibit sharp,
isolated transient episodes that could match the \spock light curve
shapes. We can also rule out active galactic nuclei (AGN), in which
brief transient episodes (a few days in duration) may be observed from
X-ray to infrared wavelengths \citep[e.g.][]{Gaskell:2003},
principally due to the quiescence of the \spock sources between the
two observed episodes and the absence of any of the broad emission
lines that are often (though not always) observed in AGN. Stellar
flares provide another very common source for optical transient
events, but the total energy released by even the most extreme stellar
flare falls far short of the observed energy release from the \spock
transients \citep{Balona:2012,Karoff:2016} .
Many types of stellar explosions can generate isolated
transient events, and a useful starting point for classification of
diff --git a/spock_localbuild.pdf b/spock_localbuild.pdf
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