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\section{Silicon Based Raman Lasers}  Development of the silicon based laser is a huge step towards creating inexpensive, monolithic, CMOS integrated optical components. A laser can be created in a silicon medium through utilization of the “Raman” effect, which describes the scattering of wavelengths of light that are different from the incident light wavelengths. Gain in a Raman laser is due to the stimulated scattering of light, differing from a conventional laser which uses the principle of “population inversion” of electrons to generate coherent photons [10]. The first continuous-wave (c.w.) silicon-based Raman laser was demonstrated using a “waveguide” architecture in 2004 by Intel. In 2011, the Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics in Berlin, Germany demonstrated the first operation of a Raman laser in bulk silicon, a significant milestone beyond the waveguide architecture. Producing a silicon based laser has been extremely challenging due to silicon’s very low light emission efficiency.\\  The Raman effect was first discovered in 1928 by Prof. Sir C. V. Raman while studying the scattering of filtered sunlight by pure organic liquids. Looking through a spectroscope, Prof Raman observed that “the scattered light contained not only the incident color but at least another separated in wavelength from it by a darker space.” [7] Raman later received the Nobel prize in physics in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light which resulted in this discovery. Raman scattering can occur randomly, known as spontaneous Raman scattering, or it can be stimulated by other high powered lasers to produce stimulated Raman scattering (SRS); the Raman laser is a result of the latter SRS process. Refer to Figure 1 4  to see how a Raman lasing signal can be very distinct from the spontaneous Raman scattering wavelengths emitted from identical silicon waveguide cavities (discussed in more detail later). Raman lasers (in materials other than silicon) have proven especially useful in areas such as eye-safe range finding, optical fiber communication, and remote analytical control of chemical processes, due to “the unique ability of the Raman laser to shift the wavelength of a high power laser to another wavelength more appropriate for a particular task.” [11]