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1$/d$wave 1d,\omega \Omega wave  has index of refraction n=cvphase If waves propagate along the background magnetic field and no collision in the plasma then index of refraction is n2=1-ωpe2(ω+ωci)(ω-ωce) but we can ignore the effects of the ion contribution because ω>>ωci  plasma frequency ωpe=ne2mε0 ,where n is density, e is electron charge, m is mass of electrons.  cyclotron frequency, for electrons ωce=eBme, for ions its the same but with mass of the ion.