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Particular interest in graphene is with its interaction with optical modulators in an integrated waveguide. Integrated modulators are with high modulation speed, large bandwidth, and small footprint are wanted for on-chip optical interconnects [8]. Liu et al experimentally demonstrates an integrated electroabsorption modulator on monolayer graphene with the above characteristics. A problem with a direct graphene modulator is limited absorption in a monolayer. So to counter this one integrates graphene with an optical waveguide which increases interaction length through coupling between evanescent waves and graphene [8]. The advantages of such a setup include strong light-graphene interaction, broadband operation,high speed operation, and compatibility with CMOS processing. As before, the tunability of graphene properties will be used here for modulation by tuning the fermi level of the single layer graphene sheet. A 3d schematic is shown in figure 3a where a 50-nm thick silicon layer is connected to a 250-nm thick silicon bus waveguide one of the gold electrodes [8]. A graphene sheet is then transferred onto the silicon waveguide. A cross-sectional view of this device and field distribution is shown in figure 3b. To improve absoprtion modulation efficiency, silicon waveguide is designed to have maximized electric field at the top and bottom surfaces, so interband transitions are also maximized [8].