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\textbf{Science Themes}  The 19th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun (Cool Stars 19) is slated to  take place in 2016, a year that marks the start of our next expedition into the frontiers of astronomy.  Analysis of data from the current generation of instruments will be reaching a period of maturity, while  the next wave of instruments that will define a subsequent generation of astronomers are set to be commissioned.  Cool Stars 19 will celebrate this transition, showcasing science from the current generation  of instruments and synthesizing it with science directives and preparations for the next generation of  instruments. Most of all, the workshop will highlight critical areas where progress is required if we expect  to make real advances at the frontier. To meet this vision, the scientific program will be designed  around three broad ideals: unity, honesty, and synthesis.  The first ideal, unity, is in reference to a congruity between all aspects of the scientific content. From  balancing theory and observation—minimize pure theory or observational sections—to identifying science  topics that share a common link between sub-fields (e.g., dust, molecules, convection, magnetism),  understanding and advances are obtained through the sharing of perspectives. Classically, the “solar–  stellar” connection has been the archetype for this model, with recent Cool Star topics like “stellar  science from planet searches” and “evolved stars and hot-cool star connection” extending the ideal.  Cool Stars 19 would further extend this ideal at a workshop-wide level, striving to increase communication  between various sub-fields. Themes embodied in the solar–stellar connection will once  again be featured. Selected topics from within this theme include the solar abundance problem, spectral  line formation (LTE vs NLTE), sunspot–starspot connection, solar–stellar dynamo mechanisms,  convection, and the impact of non-standard physics, such as accretion, on solar–stellar properties. In  addition, the relationship between planets and their host stars will be included, with emphasis on  improving stellar characterizations and understanding details of stellar spectra to permit more accurate  planet detection and characterization. It is also anticipated that Cool Stars 19 will feature science  from an oft-neglected category of cool stars: the giants. Themes could include giant–brown-dwarf  connection, which would focus on dust formation and dust opacity, and giant–young star relation,  with low-gravity physics (e.g., convection) and molecular opacity at the focus. In a similar manner, we  propose that a theme emphasizing inter-observational comparison be included. Here, topics aimed  to assessing consistency between properties determined with multiple observational methods would be  highlighted. For example, consistency between photometric, spectroscopic, and interferometric temperatures,  photometric–spectroscopic metallicity estimates (or even between low and high resolution  spectroscopy), and radius agreement between eclipsing binaries, interferometry, and asteroseismology.  Not leaving theory and computation out of the mix, connecting results from multi-D simulations  to 1Dmodels will be covered. For each of the aforementioned topics, it is expected that confrontation  between empirical data and theory, highlighting successes and deficiencies, should be addressed.