Adrian Matei edited observations.tex  about 10 years ago

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\section{The importantce of bubbles in gas fluxes and aerosol production}  Bubbles encapsulate water vapors and other gases. We are interested in analyzing bubbles, because, as mentioned, bubbles are a direct cause for transfer velocity of different gases. Aerosols are produced as sea spray particles by the breaking of the surface tension of individual bubbles. The bubble film layers are fragmentated into small droplets (film droplets). Bubbles usually cary salt and organic particles so they are called "dirty" bubbles. The more "loaded" bubbles are, the more effective they are in generating cloud condensation nucleis. The difficulty is that loaded bubbles have a higher dragging effect, which comes with a decrease in vertical velocity (upward motion) of the bubbles. Coarser salt or organic particles carried by bubbles have a higher inertia, so the "popping" momentum in launching aerosols into the atmospheric boundary layer is inhibited.  Molecular diffusion for subsurface bubbles is an important feature for gas transfer, because it actually reduces gas transfer. The higher the molecular diffusion through bubble walls, the less available the number of bubbles at the surface which can organize in foam patches.\\  If the foam patches contain gases with low solubility, they become void fractions. There is a relation between void fractions and interstitial water, which involves the transfer velocity. For highly insoluble gases, the capacity of the interstitial water may be smaller than that of the bubble even for small void fractions \cite{en_Liddicoat_Baker_et_al__2007}. This is called restriction of gas transfer in a dense isolated plume "suffocation". High subsurface bubbles molecular diffusion inhibits the buoyancy of bubbles and, hence, the vertical upward velocity of bubbles. In this sense, the Wolf model shows that there is a higher gas transfer for low Schmidt number, $Sc$, therefore subsurface lower molecular diffusion, $D$, generates more gas available at the surface, hence a higher transfer rate. Low Schmidt number means higher upward vertical velocity for subsurface bubbles, therefore more available bubbles for surfacing. Wolf model assumes two cases for the transfer velocity: one without void fraction and the other with 20 \% void fraction. It can be noticed that the transfer velocity is reduced at low Schmidt number with 20 \% void fraction present. Correlation between observed gases with different solubilities and bubble size distribution would give an insight on what type of fluxes, from the chemical point of view, are more likely to be enhanced. The presence of void fractions assumes that gas is trapped at the surface, therefore the transfer velocity is suppressed. Considering this phenomenon, one can correlate void fraction with whitecap time decay and, therefore, with transfer velocity in low winds, because in high winds condition, this phenomenon might not be so relevant. \section{Parameterizations and correlations}  Our interest is to go right to source of whitecap variability and, therefore, of aerosol fluxes. Other fluxes, such as momentum fluxes especially, have no or little dependency on whitecap variability. One should dynamically couple whitecaps and bubble plumes characteristics in order to explicitly quantify aerosol production potential. 

\section{Research approaches and further study}  In this section, our scientific objectives are presented. We remind, as well, the specific instruments which generated the data that we will process and analyze. \raggedright  The first basic objective is to detect the temporal behaviour of bubble plumes. Thus, we will make a time evolution of bubble plumes per each wave-breaking event, and produce a mean over all observed wave-breaking events. The sonar data will be used to perform these calculations.  Next, we will assess how variability in bubble plumes depth affects the whitecap time decay. \\ For instance, we will be able to check if a fast decrease in bubble plumes depth influences the longevity of whitecap fractions. To support this correlation between whitecap fractions time decay and bubble plumes dynamics we will use data collected by the sonar and the foam camera.   There was already mentioned that the primary source for whitecap production and variabily is the existence of bubble plumes, therefore our intention is to make direct correlations between bubble plumes and other factors like wind speed and sea state. If we can verify and understand these direct correlations, than we will check the validity of a dynamical relation between bubble plumes and whitecap production. Considering this fact, we want to see how the depth of bubble plumes change with sea state. Thus, we will correlate these changes in bubble plumes depth with different wave states, like wave frequency spectrum and wave amplitude. We want to analyze this bubble plumes dynamics during wind driven waves and during swells. which are slower than the environmental wind speed, have higher frequencies and lower amplitudes, and during swells, which are affected by wind history, are faster than the environmental wind speed, have lower frequencies and higher amplitudes.