deletions | additions
diff --git a/Introduction.tex b/Introduction.tex
index dbba619..3f6c830 100644
--- a/Introduction.tex
+++ b/Introduction.tex
...
\section{Introduction}
Photon counting
imaging is a well-established low light level imaging technique where an image is assembled from individually detected photons. It has applications in many diverse fields of science and technology, including
bioluminescence,\cite{Roncali2008} bioluminescence, optical
tomography,\cite{Schmidt2000} tomography, DNA
sequencing,\cite{Previte2015} lidar,\cite{McCarthy2009} sequencing, lidar, quantum information science and
encryption,\cite{Hadfield2009} encryption, and optical communications both on earth and in
space.\cite{Boroson2013,Hemmati2014} space. More information about single-photon detection technology
and applications can be found in recent reviews.\cite{Hadfield2009,Buller2010,Eisaman2011,Seitz2011}
Photon counting imaging is a well-established low light level imaging technique where an image is assembled from individually detected photons. In conventional photon counting imaging, photon events on the phosphor screen of a microchannel plate (MCP)-based image intensifier are imaged with a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera at high frame rates, and many frames are accumulated to build up an
image.\cite{Hirvonen2014_ol,Hirvonen2015_njp, Hirvonen_2015} image.\cite{Hirvonen2014_ol} Single photon detection is also possible with electron-bombarded (EB) sensors, where the single photoelectron liberated from the photocathode is accelerated directly into the CCD or CMOS
sensor, without going through a multiplication process and without being converted into light on a phosphor.\cite{Spring1998} sensor.\cite{Spring1998} The resulting photon events are smaller and dimmer than MCP-intensified photon events, but have a narrow, voltage-dependent pulse height distribution and avoid distortion of the image due to the coupling of the MCP to the camera, spectral matching of the camera sensitivity and the phosphor and image lag due to the phosphor decay time.\cite{Hirvonen2014_rsi}
A characteristic feature of the photon counting imaging technique is the possibility
of using a centroiding technique, where calculating the true position of a photon event that covers several pixels
can be determined with subpixel
accuracy.\cite{Suhling2002,Suhling1999,Boksenberg1985,Vallegra2011} The centroiding algorithms for photon counting imaging were originally accuracy.\cite{Suhling2002,Suhling1999,Boksenberg1985} Originally developed for implementation in
hardware,\cite{Boksenberg1985,Kempka2004,Fordham1989} hardware and
in their simplest incarnation the edges of the photon events are ignored. In the advent of faster computers based on a simple center-of-mass calculation,\cite{Boksenberg1985} the centroiding is nowadays done in
software, software but the algorithms employed in photon counting imaging are still usually simple, one-iteration
algorithms based on a center-of-mass calculation. algorithms.
The discovery of photoswitchable and photoactivatable fluorophores in the past decade has allowed the same centroiding principle to be employed in circumventing the diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy. Single-molecule localization microscopy techniques are based on the activation of a small subpopulation of the fluorophores which can then be imaged and subsequently deactivated before the process is repeated with a different subset of fluorophores.\cite{Betzig2006,Rust2006} The centroid positions of the molecules are calculated, and the final image is formed by summing many frames. Single-molecule localization microscopy is now a well-established technique, and much effort has been put into the development and optimization of many different types of centroiding algorithms, including iterative fitting algorithms.
As recently reported, single-molecule localisation algorithms produce good results when applied to centroiding single photon events imaged with an
MCP-intensifed MCP-intensified CMOS camera.\cite{Hirvonen2015_OL} In this work, we have applied super-resolution software for centroiding single photon events events detected with an EBCCD
camera.% camera. Multi-emitter fitting analysis was also tested for separating overlapping photon events, an important aspect which allows an increased count rate and shorter acquisition times.