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  |**Citation** | **Title** | **Comment** |  |:------------|:----------|:------------|  | \citep{25561540} | Targeted ablation of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum produces behavioral manifestations of Tourette syndrome. | Discussed "Removing about half of the cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum reproduced some features of TS  in a rodent model"  \citep*{Richards_2014highlights}. | | \citep{25735483} | Astrocyte metabolism in TS | A collaborative genetic study shows association of TS with genes expressed in astrocytes, especially with 33 genes involved in glycolosis and glutamate metabolism. The results not only narrow the hunt for genes that may cause TS, they encourage future electrophysiological, imaging and pharmacological studies in a new direction. |   | \citep{25199956} | Transcriptome analysis of the human striatum in Tourette syndrome | This important study follows up on the autopsy results from the Vaccarino lab by comparing RNA transcripts from the basal ganglia of 9 TS and 9 matched control subjects. The most strongly associated set of downregulated transcripts involved striatal interneurons, consistent with the autopsy studies. The leading set of upregulated transcripts involved immune-related genes, suggesting activated microglia in the TS striatum. The authors conclude that the results "strongly [implicate] disrupted interneuron signaling in the pathophysiology of severe TS and suggests that metabolic alterations may be linked to their death or dysfunction." |