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In another rodent model, D1CT-7 mice—in which dopamine D1 receptors are targeted— were compared to wild-type mice \cite{26171666}. Spatial confinement triggered stress reflected by corticosterone release in both groups, but exacerbated abnormal behaviors in the D1CT-7 mice, such as digging, biting, jumping and motor perseveration. Stress also led to impaired prepulse inhibition, thought of as reflecting sensorimotor gating. Both the abnormal motor behavior and the prepulse inhibition deficit improved with clonidine, haloperidol, or SCH23390 (a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist). Collectively these results support the potential utility of this model in screening new treatments for tic disorders.  Finally, spontaneously-occurring models of tics in other animals are of great interest \cite{JankovicStereotypies}. Kalueff and colleagues discuss provide a helpful review of  the substantial body of knowledge available about stereotyped grooming patterns in rodents \cite{26675822}. They have argued \cite{26675822}, arguing appropriately  that these patterns may be "useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action" in human disease, including in TS \cite{26675822,20114036}. \cite{20114036}.