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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons were targeted for developmental injury using a conditional expression model in mice \cite{Batista-Brito077891}. These mice showed hyperactivity and altered firing of some cells at the onset of the transition from quiescence to locomotion. How this may relate to lower numbers of parvalbumin-containing interneurons in TS \cite{16131542} is unclear. An interesting contrast based on the parvalbumin data is provided by a model in which fast-spiking interneurons in the dorsal striatum were ablated \cite{26968763}. These mice developed anxiety and increased frequency of grooming rituals.  In another rodent model, D1CT-7 mice—in mice—in  which dopamine D1 receptors are targeted— targeted—  were compared to wild-type mice \cite{26171666}. Spatial confinement triggered stress reflected by corticosterone release in both groups, but exacerbated abnormal behaviors in the D1CT-7 mice, such as digging, biting, jumping and motor perseveration. Stress also led to impaired prepulse inhibition, thought of as reflecting sensorimotor gating. Both the abnormal motor behavior and the prepulse inhibition deficit improved with clonidine, haloperidol, or SCH23390 (a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist). Collectively these results support the potential utility of this model in screening new treatments for tic disorders. Finally, spontaneously-occurring models of tics in other animals are of great interest. Jankovic discussed a number of potential such models in a review of stereotypies (construed broadly) \cite{JankovicStereotypies}. Kalueff and colleagues discuss the substantial body of knowledge available about stereotyped grooming patterns in rodents \cite{26675822}. They have argued that these patterns may be "useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action" in human disease, including in TS \cite{26675822,20114036}.