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|  Transcriptome analysis of the human striatum in Tourette syndrome \citep{25199956} | This important study follows up on the autopsy results from the Vaccarino lab by comparing RNA transcripts from the basal ganglia of 9 TS and 9 matched control subjects. The most strongly associated set of downregulated transcripts involved striatal interneurons, consistent with the autopsy studies. The leading set of upregulated transcripts involved immune-related genes even though none of the TS subjects met the diagnostic criteria for pediatric autoimmune streptococcal-associated neuropsychiatric disorders or pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. There was a lack of overlap between the results obtained in the present study using brain tissue and previous studies using blood samples. The authors conclude that their results "strongly [implicate] disrupted interneuron signaling in the pathophysiology of severe TS and suggests that metabolic alterations may be linked to their death or dysfunction." |  ### Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies  See also a review article on recent advances in TS neuroimaging \citep{26543796}. Issues that should be considered when designing MRI neuroimaging studies of children and clinical populations are identified (Greene: "Considerations for MRI study design and implementation in pediatric and clinical populations). This article describes a variety of ways to minimize head movement and to account for movement effects during data analysis. 
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| **Title** | **Comment** |  |:----------|:------------|  | Striatal D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors are linked to motor response inhibition in human subjects | "Stop-signal reaction time was negatively correlated with D1- and D2-type BP_ND in whole striatum, with significant relationships involving the dorsal striatum, but not the ventral striatum, and no significant correlations involving the continuous performance task." Compare also \citep{25562824}. | | An exploratory study using motor execution and motor imagery tasks were used to compare TS adults with controls. controls.|  Hyperactivation in a variety of regions were seen during both types of tasks. Interestingly, basal ganglia and thalamic activation was greater in the control group than in the TS group. Premotor activation during the motor imagery tasks was correlated with YGTSS scores. \cite{26566185} | | Sensorimotor cortex and insula are thinner in people with more premonitory sensory phenomena \citep{26538289}. | – |  | Brain structural MRI in pediatric Tourette syndrome \citep{TSANIC:VBM:London} | – |  | Electrophysiological similarities in Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder \citep{26531497} |  Event-related potentials recordings, during a stimulus-response compatibility task, revealed increased parietal and central activation for both patient groups compared to the control group. The two patient groups were not different from one another.|  |Event-related topography and comorbidities|  P300 amplitude in the frontal region was reduced for TS patients with comorbid symptoms compared to control subjects while a medication-naive TS group with no comorbid conditions was similar to the control group.  ### Clinical and neuropsychological studies 
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|:----------|:------------|  | Anthropomorphic triangles \citep*{26177119} | This clever study results from Dr. Eddy's research on social cognition in TS. People with TS tended to attribute human-like intentions to brief ambiguous animated sequences showing two triangles moving. This tendency was not explained by other constructs such as executive function, alexithymia or clinical symptoms.|  | The eyes have it \citep{26175694} | A measure of cognitive control explained half of the variance in tic severity. Blink rate—related to dopamine—was higher in children with TS than in controls. Pupil diameter—related to norepinephrine—was correlated to anxiety. |  | Electrophysiological similarities in Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder \citep{26531497} | |