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A small uncontrolled open trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction was provided to 18 individuals who were at least 16 years old (Reese et al., 2015 Mindfulness-based stress reduction for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder: A pilot study). Treatment consisted of 8 weekly 2-hour group classes and one four hour retreat. Participants were encouraged taught a tic-specific meditation exercise that involved noticing any urges to tic while maintaining a focus on one's breathing rather than trying to change or eliminate the urge to tic. Only one subject dropped out. Mean tic severity decreased by 20% and 10 subjects were rated as "much improved" or "very much improved" and thus considered treatment responders and these gains were maintained at a one month follow-up.  An open label trial of psychotherapy using a cognitive psychophysiological model of tic behavior was conducted with 102 adults with 49 TS sbujects and 36 subjects with chronic tic disorder completing treatment. The treatment consisted of 10 weeks of individual psychotherapy involved a variety of tasks including increasing awareness of tics, muscle discrimination, decreasing muscle tension and an overactivte style of action, identifying low and high risk activities in terms of tic probability, highlighting the differences in behaviors, thoughts and feelings; decreasing perfectionistic beliefs linked to tension and relapse prevention. These psychotherapy tasks were chosen because of research suggesting that some TS subjects have perfectionist beliefs when they plan actions and this leads to an impulsive overactive style resulting in frustration, tension and tics. Large effect sizes were sen for both control groups compared to the waiting list control. 65% of the chronic tic disorder group and 74% of the TS group had reductions of more than 35% on the Tourette Syndrome Global Scale. At the end of treatment 78 of 85 completers were rated as mild or below regardless of the starting severity and the other 7 were considered to have moderate symptoms. Large effect sizes were seen whether they were imple or complex and similar results were seen for tic locations (i.e., eyes, face, head, neck and shoulder, trunk and abdomen, phonic).  .   | **Title** | **Comment** |  |:----------|:------------|  | \citep{25149879} | "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder: A pilot study." One of the first studies of mindfulness in TS.|  | \citep{25616186} | This review discusses the possible relevance of neurofeedback for the treatment of Tourette syndrome and suggests that it may be most useful to treat TS children and adults who also have ADHD. | ### Medication