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### Other treatment  Previous studies have aimed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at supplementary motor area (SMA) for treatment of TS. However, rTMS most effectively stimulates superficial regions of cortex. A new coil for rTMS in humans allows stimulation of deeper areas, and an Israeli group reports application of this coil to 12 patients with treatment-refractory TS. TS \citep{25342253}.  Although the patients as a whole did not improve significantly, a _post hoc_ analysis showed benefit in the 6 patients who also had OCD \citep{25342253}. OCD.  The treatment was well tolerated. A double blind, sham-controlled study in this subgroup will be needed to confirm efficacy. An open label trial of cranial electrical stimulation (CES) treatment was provided to 42 children with TS who were less than 12 years old \citep{25546850}. The patients applied electrodes to their earlobes when they went to bed so that they could receive the treatment on a daily basis for 24 weeks. Treatment was provided for 60 minutes and they could go to sleep if they wanted. Only one child dropped out before the completion of the study. The mean YGTSS score significantly decreased from 26.3 when they were initially seen to 11.4 after 24 weeks of treatment. fMRI scanning was optional and only 8 subjects completed the scans before and after treatment. Independent component analysis with hierarchical partner matching was used to examine functional connectivity among regions within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit followed by Granger causality to examine effective connectivity. After the CES treatment this subsample had stronger functional activity and connectivity in the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate and posterior cingulate cortex and weker activity in the supplementary motor area. These results must be viewed as preliminary, since an RCT is required to rule out spontaneous improvement.