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### Symptoms and comorbidity  Recent research has again demonstrated the wide prevalence of TS-associated comorbities. In addition, studies are clarifying to what extent comorbidities may contribute comorbities and is a reminder of the need  to do studies with large enough sample sizes so that  the types effects  of tics that TS patients exhibit. comorbities can be examined on the dependent variables of interest.  A retrospective review of 1,000,000 people in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database examined the association between epilepsy with and  TS \citep{26597416}. 1062 children and adolescents with TS were matched on age and sex with a control group of 3186.The 3186. The  TS group had an 18-fold increased risk of epilepsy compared to the control group and and,  even after adjusting for comorbidities (i.e., bipolar disorder, depression, learning difficulties, autism, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder), the risk of epilepsy was still 16-fold. Although the authors raise the issue that some tics may have been mistaken for seizures, they also suggest that clinicians follow  TS childrenbe followed  closely since they are at-risk  for the development of epilepsy. In a large study of psychiatric comorbidity in TS, approximately 800 families were recruited primarily from TS specialty clinics in four different countries over a 16-year period \citep{25671412}. A total of 1374 participants with TS and 1142 family members unaffected by TS were included. 86% of the TS participants had at least one psychiatric comorbidity and 72% had either OCD or ADHD. Other disorders, involving mood, anxiety or disruptive behavior, each occurred in approximately 30% of the TS participants. The genetic correlations between TS and mood were accounted for by ADHD and OCD, while ADHD alone accounted for the genetic correlations of TS with anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders. See also \citep*{Prime:Hirschtritt:2015}.