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# Conclusions  TS is a complex condition to study because of the high rate of comorbidities, the differences in tic severity between people identified through community studies and those who participate in research studies conducted at tertiary care centers, the differences in types of tics (e.g., vocal vs _vs._  motor tics, simple tics versus _vs._  complex tics, tics),  childhood onset, and prominent fluctuations in severity over time. The studies published in 2015 demonstrate continued progress in addressing some of these obstacles. Although many early research studies focused on the roles of dopamine and the basal ganglia in tic generation, more recent studies are adding to our understanding of the complexity of tic generation and identifying possible roles for glutamate and histamine, along with a variety of subcortical and cortical regions. A number of carefully executed, large treatment studies have been reported, yet none is effective for more than about half of the patients enrolled, and side effects, cost or availability limit many existing treatments. Novel treatments are still needed.