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Three recent studies examined the effects of attention on tic frequency and the results have implications for how treatment protocols could be modified to increase effectiveness. The role of attention on tic frequency was examined under several conditions \citep{25185800}. Tic frequencies were lower for 12 TS subjects during a baseline condition when they were alone in a room compared to when they were alone in a room looking at themselves in a mirror. A second study was performed to determine whether the increase in frequency was due to increased attention to the tics themselves or due to increased self-awareness in general. In addition to the conditions previously described, 16 subjects were also shown videos of themselves while they were not ticcing. Tic frequency was again lower during the baseline compared to the mirror condition. Tic frequency was even lower when subjects were watching the video of themselves while not ticcing. The authors suggest that future treatments teach patients to attend to states when they experience fewer tics. Another study of TS adults \citep{25486384} compared tic frequency while subjects were engaged in tasks that involved attending to particular fingers, colored circles, or whether a tic had occurred during a specific 2-second interval. Observations for these tasks were made both during free ticcing and tic suppression. Not surprisingly, more tics were seen during a baseline free ticcing condition. During the attention tasks, tic frequency was greatest while subjects focused on their tics. In contrast, tic frequency decreased during the color attention condition and decreased further during the finger attention condition. When subjects suppressed their tics, they reduced their baseline tic frequency similarly across all attention conditions. The results are consistent with the idea that internally-directed attention, especially with a focus on tics, may contribute to momentary increases in tic severity. The authors suggested that behavioral treatment might be more effective if it focused on teaching patients to focus on external events and voluntary actions when they are in situations that are most likely to result in ticcing. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that tics decrease when people are involved in musical activity, so \citet{Bodeck_2015} systematically studied the effects of music. Questionnaires completed by 29 patients supported the idea that listening to music and performing music decrease tic frequency. TS subjects were then observed in a variety of conditions. Tics were almost completely eliminated when subjects were performing music. Listening to music and mental imagery of musical performance also resulted in decreases in tic frequency. The authors suggested that focused attention, along with fine motor control and goal-directed behavior, produced the decrease in tics.  The stereotyped nature of tics has led some to suggest that the neural systems involved in habitual behavior may also be associated with tic generation. A complex, three-stage instrumental learning paradigm was used to compare medicated and unmedicated TS adults with a control group to determine whether they differed in goal-directed _vs._ habitual behavior \citep{26490329}. During the first stage, subjects learned to associate six different stimuli with six specific outcome pictures and a specific response (i.e., left or right key press). During the second stage, subjects were presented with two outcomes with an indication that one outcome was devalued (i.e., no longer associated with point rewards) and subjects had to press the key associated with the outcome that would still generate points. During the third stage (_i.e._, "slip-of-action" stage), the six outcomes were presented simultaneously with indications that two outcomes were devalued so that responding to the associated stimuli would no longer generate points. Subjects were instructed to press the key associated with stimuli associated with the still valued outcomes (i.e., "Go") and withhold the response (i.e., "No-Go") for stimuli associated with devalued outcomes. This task determined whether excessive "slips of action" were related to a outcome devaluation insensitivity. A control Go/No-Go task, with devaluing of cueing stimuli, was used to measure to measure response rates where high rates on this task would indicate  working memory deficit deficits  or deficient response inhibition rather than outcome devaluation insensitivity. inhibition.  There were no group performance differences for the first two stages of the instrumental learning task or on the baseline Go/No-Go task. However, unmedicated patients showed a significantly higher response rate to devalued outcomes compared to controls (in Bonferroni-corrected _post hoc_ analyses), while there was no difference between medicated subjects and controls. In addition, tic severity in unmedicated subjects was correlated with response rates to devalued outcomes and with stronger structural connectivity between the right supplementary motor cortex and the posterior putamen. The results obtained in this study contrasted with results on similar tasks obtained with subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder without tics. The authors argued that over-reliance on habits in OCD without tics is associated with impaired knowledge of response-outcome associations, while this type of learning was intact in both TS groups in this study. They concluded that habit formation is enhanced in unmedicated TS subjects but medication may normalize responses.