Pol Grasland-Mongrain edited Introduction.tex  over 8 years ago

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In this study, we show that shear waves can be induced in soft tissues by a laser beam. We also propose a model for the underlying physics. We finally applied the technique in a biological tissue to evaluate its potential application in shear wave elastography.  In the first experiment, illustrated by Figure \ref{Figure1}, we used a Q-switch Nd:YAG laser (EverGreen 200, Quantel, Les Ulis, France), which produced a pulse of energy $E$ = 200 mJ at a central wavelength of 532 nm during 10 ns in a 5 mm diameter circular beam. We defined Z as the laser beam axis and the laser impact location on the medium as the origin of coordinates (0,0,0). The laser beam was absorbed in a 4x8x8 cm$^3$ tissue-mimicking black mat phantom made of water and of 5\% polyvinyl alcohol, alcohol and  1 \% black graphite powder and 1\% salt. powder.  A freezing/thawing cycle was applied to stiffen the material to a value of 15$\pm$5 kPa \cite{17375819}. To observe the resulting shear waves, the medium was scanned with a 5 MHz ultrasonic probe made of 128 elements connected to a Verasonics scanner (Verasonics V-1, Redmond, WA, USA). The probe was used in ultrafast mode \cite{bercoff2004supersonic}, acquiring 1500 ultrasound images per second. Due to the presence of graphite particles, the medium presented a speckle pattern on the ultrasound image. Tracking the speckle spots with an optical flow technique (Lucas-Kanade method) allowed to compute one component of the displacement in the medium (Z-displacement or Y-displacement, depending on the position of the probe on the medium). The laser beam was triggered 10 ms after the first ultrasound acquisition, $t$ = 0 ms being defined as the laser emission.