Pol Grasland-Mongrain edited The_maximum_displace.tex  over 8 years ago

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Even if For elastography measurements,  Muthupillai et al. declared that displacements of a few hundreds of nanometers should be sufficient to perform shear wave elastography \cite{7569924}, \cite{7569924}. However,  displacements of 5 to 20 $\mu$m are usually required \cite{11937286}, which is slightly higher than the maximum displacement observed here (about 2 $\mu$m). $\mu$m in the chicken breast sample).  The maximum laser beam energy used in the chicken sample, samples,  532 nm, 15 20  ns, 200 mJ for a 5-mm diameter beam, is about fifty times the maximum exposure permissible as given by the current American National Standard Institute (Z136.1-2000) for skin \cite{ANSIZ1361}, but is also about five to ten times lower than the typical energy used for skin tatto removal \cite{8352621}. The linear dependence with laser energy means that shear waves of lower amplitude could can  be observed with more observed. More  efficient displacement observation methods. This can methods could  be performed with better displacement tracking algorithms, and devices with an higher spatial resolution, like ultrasound probe of higher frequency or an optical coherence tomography probe. The laser have also the advantage to be non-contact and totally remote. For example, Li et al. have proposed to induce surface acoustic waves by laser to measure elastic properties of biological thin layers like skin or cornea \cite{li2011elastic}, \cite{li2014laser}. Moreover, the probe used for laser can be made extremely small (smaller than 100 um diameter if required), especially if optical fibres are employed. There could be then an interest for endoscopy, by inducing displacement with a simple optic fibre which can be inserted in small intima or vessels. Additionally, the shear wave source does not emit emits very weak  electromagnetic noise (if (apart from  the laser device is placed far from the region of interest), itself),  so it can be quite convenient for magnetic resonance elastography experiment measurements,  which is are  currently using external drivers or non-magnetic ultrasound probes. Moreover, the laser probe could help to shape precisely the shear wave shape, with focusing capabilities for example (see for example \cite{noroy1993laser}). In summary, this study presented observation of elastic shear waves generated in soft tissues using a laser beam. The involved phenomenon was investigated. Experiments in chicken breast sample showed the feasibility of an elastography method using a laser beam as a shear wave source.