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Pol Grasland-Mongrain edited The_maximum_displace.tex
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The maximum displacement was equal to 8 $\mu$m. This value is close to the sensitivity of magnetic resonance elastography \cite{muthupillai1995magnetic} and ultrasound elastography \cite{nightingale2002acoustic} about 10 to 20 $\mu$m. The
maximum laser beam energy used in the chicken sample,
estimated at 10 mJ/mm$^2$, 200 mJ, was about
a ten times higher than the american \textit{Food and Drug Administration} standard
maximum. maximum \cite{}, and hundred times higher thant the one used by Li et al. in cornea \cite{22627517}. It is also ten times lower than the typical energy used for skin tatto removal \cite{8352621} The linear dependence with laser energy means that shear waves of lower amplitude could be observed with more efficient displacement observation methods. This can be performed with
more efficient better displacement tracking
algorithms or algorithms, and devices with
a better an higher spatial resolution, like ultrasound probe of higher frequency or
an optical coherence tomography probe.
The laser have also the advantage to be non-contact and totally remote. For example, Li et al. have proposed to induce surface acoustic waves by laser to measure elastic properties of biological thin layers like skin or cornea \cite{li2011elastic}, \cite{li2014laser}. Moreover, the probe used for laser can be made extremely small (smaller than 100 um diameter if required), especially if optical fibres are employed. There could be then an interest for endoscopy, by inducing displacement with a simple optic fibre which can be inserted in small intima or vessels. Additionally, the shear wave source does not emit electromagnetic noise (if the laser device is placed far from the region of interest), so it can be quite convenient for magnetic resonance elastography experiment which is currently using external drivers or non-magnetic ultrasound probes. Moreover, the laser probe could help to shape precisely the shear wave shape, with focusing capabilities for example (see for example \cite{noroy1993laser}).
For shear wave elastography, a laser probe could control easily the shear wave shape (focusing capabilities for example, see for example \cite{noroy1993laser}), with an high speed repetition rate.
The laser have also the advantage to be non-contact and totally remote. For example, Li et al. have proposed to induce surface acoustic waves by laser to measure elastic properties of biological thin layers like skin or cornea \cite{li2011elastic},\cite{li2012noncontact}, \cite{li2014laser}. Moreover, the probe used for laser can be made extremely small (smaller than 100 um diameter if required), especially if optical fibres are employed. There could be then an interest for endoscopy, by inducing displacement with a simple optic fibre which can be inserted in small intima or vessels. Additionally, the shear wave source does not emit electromagnetic noise (if the laser device is placed far from the region of interest), so it can be quite convenient for magnetic resonance elastography experiment which is currently using external drivers or expensive non-magnetic ultrasound probes - even if In summary, this
price needs to be balanced with the one of a laser probe.
This study presented observation of elastic shear waves generated in soft tissues using a laser beam. The involved phenomenon was investigated. Experiments in chicken breast sample showed the feasibility of an elastography method using a laser beam as a shear wave source.
The authors would like to thank Damien Garcia for lending the laser device. Pol Grasland-Mongrain received a FRM SPE20140129460 post-doctoral grant. The authors declare no conflict of interest in the work presented here.