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\section{Introduction - Key Science Goals, Context, and The Fast/Slow Transient Split}
The paper will present an overview of the science, techniques, and
state-of-the-art of surveys for radio transients. The paper is
aimed to non-experts such as early graduate students who are interested
in working in the field, but will also provide detailed information
for researchers currently working in the field. Progress in the field
is rapid so there will be a heavy emphasis on long-term science goals and
technqiues. I will discuss important developing topics such as
fast radio bursts, where there is still considerable uncertainty about
the significance of current discoveries.
The science and techniques of radio transient surveys are divided into
domains: fast and slow. The dividing line is a characteristic time scale
of 1 second. On short time scales, coherent emission processes such as
the pulsar mechanism dominate. On longer time scales, incoherent synchrotron
processes dominate. Technically, slow transient searches are in the
domain of interferometric imaging. Fast transient searches have been
traditionally the domain of high bandwidth single dish timing.
Interferometric techniques, however, are becoming more important for
fast transient searches. The next generation of large telescopes are
primarily large-N interferometers. As these new telescopes are
commissioned, interferometric techniques must be expoited in order
for fast transient searches to advance scientifically.
The science of radio transients has primarily been driven by follow-up
of optical and high energy events such as gamma-ray bursts and supernovae.
Surveys have the opportunity to discover new classes of transient
that are not known or predicted by multi-wavelength information.
Serendipitous discovery has demonstrated that radio transient surveys
can be critical for discovery of dust-obscured objects and coherent
emitters that would not have been otherwise discovered.
There is the potential for new radio transient surveys to flip the
dominant paradigm in which radio discovery leads to optical and high energy
follow-up.
The paper is timely because of the launch of major surveys with the
Very Large Array and LOFAR and the planned launch of surveys with
ASKAP and MeerKAT. Pre-cursor surveys with the VLA, the Allen Telescope
Array, Parkes, Arecibo, and the GBT provide an important foundation
for planning. The coming of Advanced LIGO GW interferometer results
at the end of the decade will heighten interest in disovery of radio
transient counterparts to GW events.