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approach that expands upon previous nucleic acid SIP methods in three dimensions:  1) temporally, we sample isotopically labeled substrate amended microcosms at multiple   time points; 2) spacially, we assay more fractions along the CsCl gradients; and 3),   bioinformatically, we interrogate taxa at the level or of  OTU for isotope incorporation employing cutting edge statistics for assessing differential abundance in microbiome  datasets.         

addition has likely been stabilized by assimilation into microbial biomass  and/or microbial conversion into other forms of organic matter, though it is  possible that some $^{13}$C-xylose remains unavailable to microbes due to  abiotic interactions in soil \citep{Kalbitz_2000}.All xylose  responders were first responsive in first 7 incubation days.  At day 1, 84\% of xylose responsive OTUs belong to Firmicutes, 11\% to  \textit{Proteobacteria} and 5\% to \textit{Bacteroidetes}. At day 3, 

``OTU.183'' (closest LTP BLAST hit, \textit{Chitinophaca sp.}, 89.5\% sequence  identity). OTU.183 shares high sequence identity with environmental clones  derived from rhizosphere samples (accession AM158371, unpublished) and the skin  microbiome (accession JF219881, CITE). \citet{Kong_2012}).  Other \textit{Bacteroidetes} responders share high sequence identities with canonical soil genera including  \textit{Dyadobacer}, \textit{Solibius} and \textit{Terrimonas}. Six of the 8  \textit{Actinobacteria} $^{13}$C-xylose responders are in the 

than xylose responders at days 3 and 7, and, Xylose responders have more rRNA operon copy numbers  than cellulose responders.}  Estimated rRNA operon genome copy numbers per $^{13}$C-xylose responder OTU  genome andand  day of first response are correlated (p-value 2.02e$^{-15}$, Figure~\ref{fig:copy}). $^{13}$C-xylose responder rRNA operon geneome copy  number is inversely related to time; that is, OTUs that first respond at later  time points have fewer estimated rRNA operons per genome than OTUs that first 

responder is fairly abundant in the bulk samples (``OTU.5'',  Table~\ref{tab:cell}) with a mean bulk rank of 13 (\textit{i.e.} on average the  13th most abundant OTU) and a $^{13}$C-xylose responder (``OTU.1040'',  Table~\ref{tab:xyl}) has a meanabundance in bulk  relative abundance in bulk  samples of 2.85e$^{-05}$. Only one substrate responder ($^{13}$C-cellulose) was not  found in any bulk samples ("OTU.862", Table~\ref{tab:cell}). Of the top 10  responders sorted by descending mean rank (essentially the 10 most abundandant abundant  responders in the bulk samples), 8 are $^{13}$C-xylose responders and 5 of  these 8 have mean ranks less than 10 in bulk samples.  \subsection{Variation in bulk soil DNA microbial community structure is significantly less         

title = {{{UniFrac}: a New Phylogenetic Method for Comparing Microbial Communities}},  journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},  }  @article{Kong_2012,  doi = {10.1101/gr.131029.111},  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.131029.111},  year = {2012},  month = {feb},  publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},  volume = {22},  number = {5},  pages = {850--859},  author = {H. H. Kong and J. Oh and C. Deming and S. Conlan and E. A. Grice and M. A. Beatson and E. Nomicos and E. C. Polley and H. D. Komarow and P. R. Murray and M. L. Turner and J. A. Segre},  title = {{Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis}},  journal = {Genome Research},  }