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\section{Discussion} % Fakesubsubsection:Pure culture based studies drove early  Pure culture based studies drove early have historically driven  soil microbial ecology research.  Historically important soil isolates included nine genera:  \textit{Agrobacterium}, \textit{Alcaligenes}, \textit{Arthrobacter},  \textit{Bacillus}, \textit{Flavobacterium}, \textit{Micromonospora},  \textit{Nocardia}, \textit{Pseudomonas}, and \textit{Streptomyces}  (\citep{Alexander1977} and reviewed by \citep{Janssen2006}) research  butculture-independent surveys of soil microbial diversity revealed soil can  harbor 5,000 OTUs per half gram of soil \citep{Schloss2006} and that  cultured isolates did have  not represent captured  \textit{in situ} numerically abundant genera. We  recovered almost 6,000 OTUs in this study. Although culturing techniques can  produce isolates from diverse soil phylogenetic lineages \citep{Janssen2002},  numerically dominant soil microorganisms are still uncultured and we know  little of their ecophysiology genera  \citep{Janssen2006}.In contrast,  DNA-SIP can characterize functional roles for thousands of phylotypes in a single  experiment. experiment without cultivation.  We found 104 OTUs in an agricultural soil that can incorporate from xylose and/or cellulose into biomass. We biomass and  also used DNA-SIP to assay characterize  substrate specificity andtemporal dynamics of  C-cycling or dynamics for  soluble and polymeric C degraders. Included in the characterized  $^{13}$C-xylose and $^{13}$C-cellulose responsive OTUs were members of numerically dominant cosmopolitan  yet functionally uncharacterized soil phylogenetic groups such as \textit{Verrucomicrobia}, \textit{Planctomycetes} and \textit{Chloroflexi}. \subsection{Microbial response to isotopic labels}  % Fakesubsubsection: We propose that microbial decomposition