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\subsubsection{Edmond Giraud}  Edmond Giraud is a 2nd class astronomer. He obtained a university thesis in mathematics in 1977 and a phD thesis (thèse d'Etat) in physics in 1984. He has been working at IHP, Collège de France, Caltech, ESO, CPT, MPI, OAMP and joined LUPM (former GAM) as an associate from OAMP in 2000. His work on the dynamics of structures and distances on the Local Group, Local Cloud, Virgo, the Local Supercluster lead him to postulate a non zero cosmological constant as early as 1990. His work on generic manifold singularities and a conference paper on a possible lensing of quasars by galaxy clusters in 1983 gave him a place in the search and understanding of gravitational arcs and in studies of the distant universe (clusters, ICL, radio galaxies, [OII] and Ly alpha emissions, lenses, evolution). He was appointed in 1989 for the commissioning of the NTT at ESO. His research work at IHP, Collège de France and Caltech was on the distance scale. That at ESO, CPT, MPI was on the distant universe, and in Marseille he obtained universal relations of structure between the distribution of dark and visible matters in galaxies and in some cluster cores. His work at LUPM was mostly on galaxy evolution and dark matter.