\label{cosmos} Easily we can guess that the isotropy and homogeneity of the universe are consistent with the first principle of relativity. Indeed, an observer \cite{zeldovic1983} can not be preferential (because the invariance of the laws of physics) than other observers of the universe by detecting various or particular motions of distant galactic matter.
However, this same motion of the galaxies can only exist if every observer is at the centre of the universe observed.
Combining these assertions we obtain a universe in which the “apparent” relative motion of the various RS (galaxies) should be radial to any observer (isotropy).
sThis implies that an observer should see objects either going far in all directions or oncoming from all directions.
The expansion (or contraction) could not be deducted by the principles of the relativity \cite{einstein1908}, so we should suppose that the expansion (contraction) could be a property of the spacetime field of the universe.
Some thesis like:
build a local spacetime frame reference using a massive coupling of the field \(\Xi\);
set to a massive particle a space dimension given by its Compton wavelength \(\lambda_c\);
suggest us to conjecture that when a massive particle borns with its space-time lattice (massive chains of IQuO, see figure \ref{fig_massive_lattice}), a certain amount of space-time is added to the universe’s field \(\Xi_U\), because every massive particle is itself space-time.
Following the Standard Model and the structure hypothesis we suppose that the basic fermions (electron, for leptons, and proton, viewed like quarks u, d, for barions) can determine some processes of space-mass creation in the universe, because they are basic structures for the IQuO’s couplings.
Furthermore if we admit that the field \(\Xi_U\) has an important role for space-time definition, then \(\Xi_U\) is itself an increasing field in mass and spacetime. This does simply mean that any process of mass-space creation through creation of massive particles always involves in field \(\Xi_U\), which permeates the whole universe and even constitutes it.
If the birth of a basic massive particle occurs in a local region of the universe, the resulting increase of universe’s volume, dued by a IQuO’s chain, could be expressed like a global transformation of spacetime.
This is consistent with quantum mechanics: a particle with defined wavelength is associated to a line of oscillators with extension equal to that of the universe (see the collapse process of the wave function).
In this way the galaxies (stars), besides being the source of a gravitational field, could be the source of a field with an increasing space or an expansive field.
To further validate the hypothesis that the expansion of the universe is the effect of an increase in mass and space, we return to the idea of the light speed as a constant of structure of the Universe, exactly of the basic field \(\Xi\).
Using the equation \ref{eq_wavespeed}, referred to the propagation speed of an oscillation in an elastic medium, we can describe the propagation speed of a perturbation in the field \(\Xi\): \[v = \sqrt{\frac{T}{\rho}} = \sqrt{kL \frac{L}{\rho}} = L \Omega = c\] where \(T= kL\), \(\rho=M/L\), \(\Omega = k/M\), and \(k\) is the elasticity constant of the IQuO oscillators (springs with mass \(M\), length \(L\) and angular frequency \(\Omega\)). If \(c\) is a constant then it happen that also \(L\), \(M\) are two fundamentals constants of the universe.
It follows that the expansion of the universe can not be a consequence of any stretching of \(L\), as instead the Friedman’s equation \cite{friedmann1922,friedmann1924} provides introducing the parameter \(a(t)\).
Then we could support that the parameter \(a (t)\) is correlated to the increase law of space-mass and hence to increasing number of units \(L\) of the space or to number \(N\) of massive particles of basic lattice \(\Xi_U\).