Liisa Hirvonen edited Method.tex  over 8 years ago

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\subsection{Reagents}  ***This subsection needs to be checked (+Eylea)*** Ranibizumab was purchased from Novartis (Frimley, UK) (Lucentis 10~mg/ml) and bevacizumab from Roche (Welwyn Garden City, UK) (Avastin 25~mg/ml). All other reagents were of the highest available purity and were either from Sigma (Poole, UK), VWR (Lutterworth, UK), or Merck (Hoddesdon, UK) unless otherwise specified.  Ranibizumab was purchased from Novartis (Frimley, UK) (Lucentis(R) 10~mg/ml) *** Add Eylea  and bevacizumab from Roche (Welwyn Garden City, UK) (Avastin(R) 25~mg/ml). All other reagents were of the highest available purity and were either from Sigma (Poole, UK), VWR (Lutterworth, UK), or Merck (Hoddesdon, UK) unless otherwise specified. BSA ***  \subsection{Sample preparation}  ***This subsection needs to be Ranibizumab and bevacizumab solutions were dialysed twice against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 using D-Tube Midi Dialyzer units from Novagen (6-8~kD cut-off). Subsequently, the purity of the dialysed proteins was  checked (+Eylea).***  ***should we not also mention by standard SDS-PAGE. The proteins were then conjugated to  the labelled IgG fluorophore Bis(2,2′-bipyridine)-4′-methyl-4-carboxybipyridine-ruthenium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (synonym, N-succinimidyl ester-Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF6)2)(Sigma-Aldrich) by using a succinimidyl ester-modified fluorophore with a short linker (Invitrogen, F6130). Conjugation reactions were performed in PBS adjusted with bicine buffer to pH 8.6 at 2~mg/ml protein concentration with the activated fluorophore ester being used in excess. The reaction was stopped after two hours and conjugated proteins were separated from remaining free dye by size exclusion chromatography (7~kD cut-off; Thermo Fisher). Using this method we generated ranibizumab conjugated to dye with a dye:protein ratio of 1.1:1  and BSA here?*** bevacizumab with a   dye:protein ratio of 1.3:1. Azide (2.0~mM) was added to all fluorophore-conjugated drugs to protect them from microbial deterioration.  Ranibizumab *** Add Eylea  and bevacizumab solutions were dialysed twice against phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) using D-Tube Midi Dialyzer units with a 6-8kD cut-off (Novagen). Subsequently, the purity of the dialysed proteins was checked by standard SDS-PAGE and confirmed to correspond to the manufacturer's purity values for the proteins. The proteins were then conjugated to the fluorophore Bis(2,2′-bipyridine)-4′-methyl-4-carboxybipyridine-ruthenium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (synonym, N-succinimidyl ester-Ru(bpy)2(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF6)2)(Sigma-Aldrich) by using a N-succinimidyl ester-modified fluorophore (NHS-fluorophore) with a short linker (Invitrogen, F6130). Conjugation reactions were performed in PBS adjusted with 1M bicine buffer to pH 8.6 at 2mg/ml protein concentration in the dark at room temperature with the NHS-fluorophore being used at 2-fold molar excess. The reaction was stopped after 2.5h and conjugated proteins were separated from remaining free dye by size exclusion chromatography (Zeba(R) spin columns with a 7kD cut-off; Thermo Fisher). Using this method we generated ranibizumab conjugated to dye with a dye:protein ratio of 0.7:1 and bevacizumab with a dye:protein ratio of 1.3:1. Sodium azide was added to all fluorophore-conjugated drugs at a final concentration of 2.0mM to protect the protein solution from any microbial deterioration. BSA ***  \subsection{Tr-FAIM measurements}  The Ru-labelleddrug  molecules in buffer were mixed with glycerol in different proportions to produce solutions with different viscosities. A drop of each mixture was placed in a multiwell plate with \#1.5 coverslip glass bottom. The refractive index of each solution was measured with a refractometer (Bellingham+Stanley, U.K.) before and after the fluorescence measurement and converted to viscosity using a function fitted to a conversion chart.\cite{Glycerine1963} A simplified diagram of the data acquisition setup is shown in Fig~\ref{fig:setup}a. The anisotropy experiments were performed with Leica SP2, a standard confocal inverted microscope. A pulsed diode laser (PLP-10 470, Hamamatsu, Japan; optical pulse width 90~ps) was used as the excitation source at 200~kHz repetition rate. The beam was focused in the middle of the well containing the sample solution with a 20$\times$ NA0.5 air objective (Leica HC PL Fluotar). The emission was collected with the same objective through a 550~nm long-pass emission filter. A polariser was inserted in the emission path and parallel and perpendicular polarisation components of the fluorescence emission were recorded sequentially with a photomultiplier tube (PCM-100, Hamamatsu, Japan) connected to a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) acquisition card (SPC 830, Becker\&Hickl GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The measurement time window was 5~$\mu$s, with data acquisition time of 30-60~min per data set.