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Alfredo A. Correa edited Among_the_measurable_quantities_associated__.tex
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Among the measurable quantities associated to the interaction between ions and
solid, solids,
the stopping power $\mathrm(S)$ \cite{Ferrell_1977} has received much attention; it provided information regarding the energy transfer between the incoming projectile and the solid target.
Various models and theories have been proposed to calculate stopping cross sections;
even today a unified \emph{ab initio} theoretical approach suitable for different projectiles and energies is
not available in
the literature. its developing stages.
Employing the First Born Approximation (FBA), Bethe \cite{Bethe_1930_EN} has reported the calculation of inelastic and ionization cross section. The Bloch correction \cite{Bloch_1933} provides a convenient link between the Bohr and the Bethe scheme.
Fermi and Teller \cite{Fermi_1947} using electron gas models had reported electronic stopping for various targets.
The Bethe formula for stopping has been studied in details by Lindhard and Winther \cite{Lindhard_Winther} on the basis of the generalized linear-response theory.
All these models require ad-hoc assumptions for studying stopping processes.
For calculating electronic stopping in metals there are few reviews
(\cite{Race_2010} (for example, Ref.~\cite{Race_2010} and references therein).