Edwin E. Quashie edited Among_the_measurable_quantities_associated__.tex  over 8 years ago

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%Various models and theories have been proposed to calculate stopping cross sections due to electrons. Employing the First Born Approximation, Bethe \cite{Bethe_1930_EN} has introduced the first calculations of inelastic and ionization cross section. The Bloch correction \cite{Bloch_1933} provides a convenient link between the Bohr and the Bethe scheme.   %Fermi and Teller \cite{Fermi_1947} using electron gas models had reported electronic stopping for various targets.   %The Bethe formula for stopping has been studied in details by Lindhard and Winther \cite{Lindhard_Winther} on the basis of the generalized linear-response theory.   In %  %In  the low energy region the energy loss in metal is due to the excitation of a portion of electrons around the Fermi level to empty states in the conducting band at higher energies, a minimum momentum transfer due to the limited response time of target electrons to the projectile ions. In this paper we concentrate in the near and below the maximum of stopping down to the low velocity regime for $\mathrm{H}$ in $\mathrm{Cu}$. A %  %A  unified \emph{ab initio} theoretical approach suitable for different projectiles and energies is in its developing stages \cite{Pruneda_2007,Schleife_2015,Ullah_2015}. For calculating electronic stopping and radiation damage in metals there are few reviews (for example, Ref.~\cite{Race_2010} and references therein).