Alfredo A. Correa edited Among_the_measurable_quantities_associated__.tex  over 8 years ago

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Among the measurable quantities associated to the interaction between ions and solids,   the stopping power $\mathrm(S)$ \cite{Ferrell_1977} has received much attention; it provided provides  information regarding the energy transfer between the incoming projectile and the solid target. Various models and theories have been proposed to calculate stopping cross sections.   Employing the First Born Approximation, Bethe \cite{Bethe_1930_EN} has introduced the first calculations of inelastic and ionization cross section. The Bloch correction \cite{Bloch_1933} provides a convenient link between the Bohr and the Bethe scheme.   Fermi and Teller \cite{Fermi_1947} using electron gas models had reported electronic stopping for various targets.   The Bethe formula for stopping has been studied in details by Lindhard and Winther \cite{Lindhard_Winther} on the basis of the generalized linear-response theory.   All these models require ad-hoc assumptions or are valid at different limits for studying stopping processes.   Even today a unified \emph{ab initio} theoretical approach suitable for different projectiles and energies is in its developing stages \cite{Pruneda_2009,Correa_2015,Ullah_2015}. \cite{Pruneda_2009,Schleife_2015,Ullah_2015}.  For calculating electronic stopping in metals there are few reviews (for example, Ref.~\cite{Race_2010} and references therein).