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Alfredo A. Correa edited section_Introduction_The_interaction_of__.tex
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The interaction of charged particles with matter has been a subject of extensive research over many decades; it findings provide precise information for many technological applications such as nuclear safety, applied material science, medical physics and fusion and fission applications \cite{Komarov_2013,Patel_2003,Caporaso_2009,Odette_2005}.
When a fast ion moves through a solid, it loses kinetic energy due to the excitations of the target electrons and the path of their trajectory.
This energy-loss phenomenon plays an important role in many experimental studies involving
radiation in solids, surfaces and nanostructures [add citation].
The complexity of describing the dynamic interaction between charged particles and solids has initiated a large amount of research both experimentally and theoretically in recent years; in the latter the condensed matter community, however, have initiated sophisticated computer simulation techniques with considerable success.
Among the many measurable quantity the stopping power $\mathrm(S)$ \cite{Ferrell_1977} has received much attention; it provided detailed information regarding the energy transfer between the incoming projectile and the solid target.
Varies models and theories have been proposed to calculate stopping cross sections ($\mathrm{SCS}$); even today a unified theoretical approach suitable for different projectiles and energies is not available in the literature. Employing the First Born Approximation (FBA), Bethe \cite{Bethe_1930_EN} has reported the calculation of inelastic and ionization cross section. The Bloch correction \cite{Bloch_1933} provides a convenient link between the Bohr and the Bethe scheme. Fermi and Teller \cite{Fermi_1947} using electron gas models had reported electronic stopping for various targets. The Bethe formula for stopping has been studied in details by Lindhard and Winther \cite{Lindhard_Winther} on the basis of the generalized linear-response theory. %models employed to study stopping of elementary charged particles in solids \cite{Bloch_1933,Bethe_1930} has stimulated this kind of study.